upper face innervation
bilateral UMN
lower face innervation
contralateral UMN
upper and lower facial weakness
LMN lesion
“peripheral”
lower facial weakness only
UMN lesion
“central”
internal capsule orientation
F is most anterior
L is most posterior
alternating hemiplegia
face (peripheral)
contralateral arm and leg (UMN)
brainstem lesion at level of facial nerves
locked in syndrome
bilateral face LMN
bilateral arm UMN
bilateral leg UMN
brainstem lesion at level of facial nerve exit
bilateral leg LMN
lumbosacral cord
cauda equina