Bacteria

Question 1

Identify the main shapes of bacteria (morphology)

Answer 1

• Coccus, Bacillus
• Can range in size from visible by the human eye to X-ray crystallography

Question 2

Strepto vs Staphyl

Answer 2

Chain vs Cluster

Question 3

Gram +ve bacteria traits

Answer 3

• thick cell wall
• stains blue with gram stain
• no outer membrane, maybe s-layer
• thick peptidoglycan with a pentagly bridge between peptidoglycan
  glycocyl chains
  -teichoic acids between peptidoglycan

Question 4

Glycocalyces

Answer 4

• do not confer significant structural strength
• poly saccharide layer
  Capsules or Slime layer

Question 5

Capsules

Answer 5

tightly attached, tight matrix, visible if treated with India ink, found in all bacteria

Question 6

Slime layer

Answer 6

• loosely attached, easily deformed layer that assists in sticking to surfaces,
• plays a role in biofilm formation
• can act as a virulence factor cause it protects the bacteria from phagocytosis
• prevents dehydration/desiccation

Question 7

S-layer

Answer 7

Protective layer found in FREE LIVING (not lab grown) gram +, - and archaea with a crystalline layer consisting of proteins or glycoproteins, may contribute to cell shape and help protect the cell from osmotic stress

Question 8

Gram -ve Cell wall

Answer 8

• thin cell wall
• just a peptide crosslink between 2 peptidoglycan
  -lipopolysaccharides
  lipid A: endotoxin
• lipoprotein from outer mb and peptidoglycan

Question 9

lysozyme

Answer 9

can destroy peptidoglycan
enzymes cleace glycoside bond between sugars
found in human secretions major defence against infection

Question 10

gram -ve traits

Answer 10

• thin cell wall
  -stains pink
• LPS
  -lipoprotein
  outermembrane

Question 11

gram +ve cell wall

Answer 11

-thick cell wall
-peptidoglycan with pentagly bridge
peptideglycan + teichoic acids
teichoic acids
- glycopolymer
helps generate PMF
protects against salt and temp
protects against Abx

Question 12

acid-fast

Answer 12

light blue with gram
inner mb, peptidoglycan, mycolic acid (hydrophobic)

Question 13

What is targeted by Abx

Answer 13

biggest target cell wall (b-lactams, penicillin, vancomycin literally all the host girls)

Question 14

FtsZ

Answer 14

tubulin like, spherical shape, forms ring participates in septation

Question 15

MreB

Answer 15

actin like, spiral, elongation, rod

Question 16

crescentin

Answer 16

filament like, curvature in crescents

Question 17

Par system

Answer 17

segregates the dividing chromosome to the two polls
- a protein attaches to and recognizes genome
- ParM and actin like protein starts to polymerize pushing genome to opposite sides

Question 18

nucleiod

Answer 18

region where the DNA is found
Genetic information storage and gene expression

Question 19

ribosomes

Answer 19

made of RNA translation, protein synthesis

Question 20

Inclusion bodies

Answer 20

storage or reservoir

Question 21

endospores

Answer 21

dormant, protected versions of the bacteria, formed through sporulation kinda like a really intense hibernation come back when conditions are better, once you start you can’t really go back

Question 22

Flagella

Answer 22

swim
long thin appendages
uses PMF and dictates the speed
attractants cause CCW rotation bundle and push forward –> run
repellent or absence of attractants cause CW no bundle so tumble

Question 23

Fimbriae

Answer 23

help stick to surfaces or or form pellicles

Question 24

Pili

Answer 24

typically longer very few
conjugative pili or type IV adhere to host tissues

Question 25

types of locomotion

Answer 25

taxis response to them or physical gradients, swimming, gliding

Question 26

unique to bacteria

Answer 26

- peptidoglycan, which is why it's good target for Abx - inclusion -pili

Question 27

penicillin

Answer 27

inhibits transpeptidase that cross-links the peptides

Question 28

Vancomycin

Answer 28

prevents cross-bridge formation by binding to the terminal

Question 29

cell division

Answer 29

regulated by DNA replication, 2 ORI sites and red forks in opposite directions, FtsZ firms ring septum forms

Question 30

Polar bacterial cell differentiation

Answer 30

think of c. crescentus one pole is stalk others