Name the cell shapes.
- Coccus (Sphere)
- Rod-shaped
- Spiral-shaped
What are the bacterial groups?
- Eu-bacteria
- Archaebacteria
- Mycoplasms
What type of autotrophic metabolism derives energy from a light source?
Photoautotrophic
What type of autotrophic metabolism derive energy from oxidation of
NH3, H gas, and sulfur compounds?
Chemoautotrophic
Three kingdom monera characteristics.
-Prokaryotic
-Lack membrane bound organelles
- Genome: single circular DNA molecule (no
nucleus)
-Some with pilus (hair-like structures)
-Some with flagella
-Smallest (1-10 microns) and most numerous
living organisms
Gram +ve is a ________ peptidoglycan layer.
Thick
Gram -ve is a ________ peptidoglycan layer.
Thin
Method for gram staining.
add crystal violet (purple dye) - primary stain
• add iodine (forms complex or mordant with dye)
• wash with alcohol - decolorize
• add safranin (red dye) - counterstain
Cell wall features.
• Semi-rigid cell wall
Cell wall composed of Peptidoglycan
• Some species with outer Capsule or slime layer
Name the characteristics of the first line of defense.
- Barriers, body surfaces
- Prevent entry of pathogen (e.g.skin and mucus)
- Body fluids which destroy bacteria (e.g. tears,perspiration, digestive acids)
Name the characteristics of the second line of defense.
- Inflammation
- Fever
- Lysosomes
- Interferon
Name the characteristics of the third line of defense.
-Immune responses
Lymphocytes (White Blood Cells) directly attack
invading pathogens
Lymphocytes produce specific antibodies designed
to destroy the pathogens
-Antibodies
Describe antibodies.
• Antibodies are protein molecules (immunoglobulins)
located on the surface of B cells (lymphocytes)
• Target extracellular pathogens and toxins in tissues
• Produced in response to specific antigens
• Antibody binds to antigen (recognises a.a. sequence)
and targets it for destruction
• B cells undergo rapid cell division and produce
Effector cells (invade and destroy)
Memory cells (remembers pathogen; stronger and
faster response next time)
