1
Q
What kingdom are bacteria in?
A
Kingdom Eubacteria
2
Q
What type of cells are bacteria?
A
Living cells.
3
Q
How do bacteria live?
A
They are usually free living, but may be obligate intracellular parasites too.
4
Q
What is the anatomy of bacteria?
Prokaryote or Eucaryote
A
They are prokaryotic with no nucleus, no membrane bound organelles.
5
Q
What is the anatomy of bacteria?
Nucleus
A
They do not have a membrane bound nucleus. The DNA is free in the cytoplasm of the cell.
6
Q
What is the anatomy of bacteria?
Plasma Membrane
A
They have a plasma membrane surrounded by a cell wall.
7
Q
What is the anatomy of bacteria?
Cell Wall**
A
- Rigid, gives the bacterium its shape.
2. Thick and tough. Very important protective layer.
8
Q
What is the anatomy of bacteria?
Cell Wal/Gram Stain**
A
The structure of the cell wall differs in Gram Pos. and Gram Neg. bacteria.
9
Q
What is the anatomy of bacteria?
Size
A
- Considerable variation.
- About 1-10 micrometers in length
10
Q
How many micrometers are in one meter?
A
1,000,000
11
Q
Classification of bacteria is based on what 2 things?
A
- Gram reaction.
2. Shape
12
Q
Is Gram reaction important in diagnosis and treatment?
A
Yes, it is very important. Many antibiotics will work on one Gram group and not the other.
13
Q
Gram Positive Bacteria
A
- Stain purple.
- Have a thicker cell wall.
14
Q
Gram Negative Bacteria
A
- Stain light pink / orangish.
- Thinner cell wall.
15
Q
What are the 3 major shapes of bacteria?
A
- Coccus (Cocci)
- Bacillus (Bacilli)
- Spirillum (Spirilli)
16
Q
What shape is Coccus / Cocci bacteria?
A
Round
17
Q
What shape is Bacillus / Bacilli bacteria?
A
Rod
-bacteria is sometimes called rods instead of bacilli.
18
Q
What shape is Spirillum / Spirilli bacteria?
A
Spiral
- look like tiny corkscrews
- much less common than cocci and bacilli.
19
Q
How are bacteria classified?
A
All bacteria are classified according to Gram reaction and shape.
ex: Gram Neg. bacillus, Gram Pos. bacillus, Gram Pos. coccus
20
Q
What is the life cycle of bacteria?
A
It is very simple.
- no immature or juvenile stages.
- divide by binary fission.
21
Q
What is binary fission?
A
When one adult cell divides into two new adults.
22
Q
How is bacteria diagnosed (5 steps)?
A
- Collection of specimen from patient.
- May involve evaluation under a microscope of live bacteria.
- Usually requires culture of bacteria on media.
- Gram Staining and other lab tests.
- May use antibody tests.
23
Q
What is sometimes done for a definitive diagnosis with bacteria?
A
Culture may be sent to another lab.
24
Q
In what way are bacterial infections treated?
A
Antibiotics - antimicrobial agents.
25
Can you use one antibiotic for everything?
No. Each one is effective against specific groups of microorganisms.
*called the SPECTRUM of the antibiotic
26
What about bacterial resistance?
Many have become resistant to antibiotics. Should test cultures for antibiotic sensitivity.
27
What does Staphylococcus spp look like?
- Gram Pos. Coccus
| - Occurs in clumps, look like a clump of grapes.
28
Staphylococcus spp resistance?
Extremely resistant to destruction in the environment.
29
Where are Staphylococcus spp found?
Ubiquitous, they are found everywhere.
30
Staphylococcus spp and skin?
They are normally found on the skin.
| *can infect body through skin lesions or mucous membranes.
31
What is the most common Staphylococcus spp?
Staphylococcus aureus
32
What is Staph spp commonly isolated from?
Often from pyogenic lesions.
- infected wounds
- dermatitis (red, sore, scaly skin)
- otitis
- conjunctivitis
- cystitis, maybe cellulitis
- many others
33
What is a common disease caused by Staph spp?
Mastitis: causes decrease in milk production and visible change in quality of milk.
34
What can happen if Staph spp. Infections are not treated?
It can become systemic and enter the blood.
35
What else can Staph spp. cause?
- common cause of skin and subcutaneous infections.
| - common cause of urinary infections.
36
What does Streptococcus spp. look like?
Gram Positive Coccus occurring in chains or pairs.
| -looks like beads on a string.
37
Where is Streptococcus spp. found?
```
In the mucous membranes.
-tonsils
-skin
-intestinal tract
-bovine udder
-others
Some are fecal.
```
38
What kind of pathogens are Streptococcus spp?
They are mainly opportunistic pathogens.
39
Does Streptococcus spp last long in the environment?
All but the fecal strep do not survive long in the environment.
40
How is Streptococcus spp transmitted?
- Through direct contact or aerosol.
| - Often through the milkers hands and milking machines.
41
What can Streptococcus cause in all mammals?
Can cause pyogenic infections and mastitis.
42
What does Streptococcus spp cause in dairy cows and goats?
- One of the most common causes of Mastitis.
- Can be acute or chronic.
- Can cause great economic losses in dairy industry.
43
What is Streptococcus spp a common cause of in horses?
Strangles
44
What is another name for Strangles?
Equine Distemper.
45
What causes Strangles?
Staphylococcus equi
46
What symptoms does Strangles have?
Causes pus-like discharge from nose and swollen throat and lower jaw.
- hard to swallow "strangles".
- lymph nodes in neck fill with pus and often burst.
- fever, depression, etc.
47
How is Strangles diagnosed?
Culture S. equi from pus from nostrils.
48
Is Strangles fatal?
Not usually, horse usually recovers.
49
Is Strangles contagious, how is it transmitted?
Very contagious within a herd.
Transmitted by:
-passed easily by food, water, tack.
-direct or indirect contact.
50
Strangles and vaccination.
There is a nasal aerosol vaccine that is very good.
51
Is Strangles zoonotic?
No, it is not.
52
What does Streptococcus cause in swine?
It can cause meningitis or septicemia.
53
What is the Streptococcus that causes illness in swine?
Streptococcus suis
54
What does meningitis do in swine?
It infects the CNS.
- lameness, convulsions, paralysis, death.
- death may be sudden.
55
What does septicemia do in swine?
- Fading piglet syndrome.
* mostly in wrangling pigs.
- Pneumonia, often leading to sudden death.
56
What bacteria causes fading piglet syndrome?
Streptococcus suis
57
Is Streptococcus suis zoonotic?
Yes.
- It is passed to humans through wounds on skin or on mucous membranes.
- Can cause bacterial meningitis or TSS in humans
58
Do all pigs with Streptococcus suis show symptoms?
No. They may be asymptomatic carriers.
59
What causes Lyme Disease?
Borrelia burgdorferi
| -Causes Lyme Disease in dogs, humans, and cats.
60
What does Borellia burgdorferi look like?
Gram negative spirillum
61
Does Borellia burgdorferi grow slowly or fast?
It is a very slow growing bacteria.
62
How does Lyme Disease grow in the environment?
Not very well.
- it cannot be grown in a lab.
- the exception is that it grows really well in some animal hosts.
63
What is the reservoir host for Lyme Disease?
Voles and mice (mainly mice)
64
What are the transport hosts for Lyme Disease?
Deer ticks or black legged ticks.
| -in the Northeast mostly Ixodes scapularis
65
How is an animal infected with Lyme Disease?
- The tick picks up the organism from a mouse or vole.
| - Transports it to the animal or human by biting.
66
Where are Lyme Disease bearing ticks found?
Mostly in grasslands and woodlands. They like to feed on deer, sheep, horses, and rodents.
67
Is Lyme Disease the same in dogs and cats?
It is similar, but more severe in dogs.
68
What are the symptoms of Lyme Disease?
- Sudden lameness of one or more joints.
- Swelling of joints and lymph nodes.
- Also may be fever, anorexia, lethargy.
69
How long do the symptoms of Lyme Disease last?
Only three to four days. However, they can recur at intervals of every several weeks or months.
70
What happens in more serious cases of Lyme Disease?
In some cases it may cause sever heart, kidney, or neurological problems. It can cause arthritis over time.
71
Are all animals with Lyme Disease symptomatic?
No. They may be in fetched, but never show signs of illness.
72
When does lameness set in with Lyme Disease?
2 to 5 months after infection.
73
How is Lyme Disease treated?
With antibiotics.
74
How do animals respond to treatment for Lyme Disease?
Most animals respond within three to four days.
75
Can an animal get Lyme Disease more than once?
Yes, they may be reinfected.
76
How is Lyme Disease prevented?
There is a vaccine, but it is not always recommended. Tick prevention and removal is best.
77
Why is the Lyme Disease vaccine not recommended?
It has many side effects.
78
What is the cause of Ehrlichiosis?
Ehrlichia canis and Erchlichia ewingii
79
In what animal is Ehrlichiosis common?
Dogs
80
What kind of bacteria is Ehrlichia canis and Erchlichia ewingii?
It is a Rickettsia
81
What does Ehrlichia canis and Erchlichia ewingii look like?
A small Gram Negative obligate intracellular cocci.
82
What does Ehrlichiosis infect?
It infects and lives inside white blood cells.
83
What type of disease is Ehrlichiosis?
A leukotrophic disease.
84
What are the 2 forms of Ehrlichiosis?
CME - Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis
| CGE - Canine Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis
85
What are granulocytes and monocytes?
They are types of white blood cells.
86
What is the cause of CME?
Ehrlichia canis
87
What does CME infect?
It infects monocytes.
88
What are the major symptoms of CME?
Lack of platelets and bleeding.
89
What is the cause of CGE?
Erchlichia ewingii
90
What does CGE infect?
Mainly neturophils (WBC)?
91
What are the main symptoms of CGE?
Lameness, joint swelling, polyarthritis (arthritis in multiple joint.s
92
What are the general symptoms of Ehrlichiosis?
It is multi-systemic and has rather nonspecific symptoms.
93
What are the 3 phases of Ehrlichiosis?
1. Acute
2. Subclinical
3. Chronic
94
What symptoms occur in the acute phase of Ehrlichiosis?
Mild, lethargy, loss of appetite, enlarged lymph nodes, low platelet count, joint pain.
95
Do dogs recover from the acute phase of Ehrlichiosis?
Yes, they do.
96
How long does the acute phase of Ehrlichiosis last?
2 to 4 weeks.
97
What happens during the acute phase of Ehrlichiosis?
During this phase, it is infecting the wbc's and the spleen.
98
Where do WBC's live?
In the lymphatic tissue.
99
What symptoms occur during the subclinical phase of Ehrlichiosis?
Dogs appear to be normal.
100
How long does the subclinical phase of Ehrlichiosis last?
It can last up to several years.
101
Where is the organism hiding during the subclinical phase of Ehrlichiosis?
It is hiding in the spleen.
102
What happens during the chronic phase of Ehrlichiosis?
The dog will get sick again.
103
What symptoms will the dog show during the chronic phase of Ehrlichiosis?
- May have abnormal bleeding (low platelet count).
- Kidney damage, loss of blood cells (leukopenia)
- May have neurological symptoms and arthritis.
104
What is a dog commonly diagnosed with during the chronic phase of Ehrlichiosis?
Leukemia
105
How is Ehrlichiosis transmitted?
By ticks (mainly the brown dog tick).
106
How is Ehrlichiosis diagnosed?
- By symptoms: fever, enlarged lymph nodes, bleeding, low platelet counts.
- With a blood (snap) test.
107
How is Ehrlichiosis treated?
With antibiotics, mainly Doxycycline and Tetracycline.
108
How is Ehrlichiosis prevented?
Tick control.
109
What does Clostridium spp. look like?
Gram positive bacillus, club shaped with endospore.
110
Is Clostridium spp. always pathogenic.
No, it can be a beneficial bacteria.
111
What is Clostridium spp.?
A large, anaerobic, spore forming bacteria.
112
What can Clostridium spp. produce?
Toxins that produce extensive tissue damage.
113
What can accompany a Clostridium spp. infection?
An accumulation of gas.
114
Where is Clostridium spp. normally found?
Soil, sewage, feces, water, feed, and GI tract of herbivores.
115
How long can Clostridium spp. survive?
- In boiling water, for half an hour.
| - In the soil, for years.
116
What is one way to treat Clostridium spp. infections?
A hyperbaric chamber.
117
Are antibiotics effective against Clostridium spp.?
No. They are very resistant.
118
What 3 diseases does Clostridium spp. cause?
1. Enterotoxemia
2. Tetanus
3. Botulism
119
What is the cause of Enterotoxemia?
Clostridium perfringens
120
What are the symptoms of Enterotoxemia?
- Dysentery, diarrhea, toxemia, vomitting.
| - Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, mostly in dogs.
121
Can Enterotoxemia be fatal?
In ruminants and swine.
| -high mortality rate in lambs, calves, pigs, foals.
122
How does Clostridium perfringens enter an animal?
It is ingested by the host.
123
What is the cause of Tetanus?
Clostridium tetani
124
What does Clostridium tetani produce?
Tetanus toxin.
125
Who does Tetanus infect?
All species of domestic animals.
| -especially horses
126
How does Tetanus enter the animal?
Via a puncture wound.
127
What is the first sign of Tetanus?
Animal may seem nervous, have a stiffness in gait.
128
What are other symptoms of Tetanus?
Muscular Spasms
- especially in head and neck.
- lockjaw (masseter muscle)
129
How does an animal with Tetanus die?
By dehydration.
130
What is the cause of Botulism?
Clostridium botulinum
131
What does Clostridium botulinum produce?
A very powerful neurotoxin.
132
How does Botulism enter an animal?
It can be ingested, or it can enter the host through a wound.
133
What are the symptoms of Botulism?
Ataxia, recumbency, paralysis starting in the hind quarters.
134
Where is one place that Clostridium botulinum is easily found?
At the bottom of a pile of hay, especially wet hay.
135
What does Escherichia coli look like?
Small Gram Negative rods (or coccobacilli)
136
What is E. coli normally a part of?
The intestinal flora, but it can cause disease under the right circumstances.
137
What is the most common way that E. coli is transmitted?
The fecal-oral route.
138
What is E. coli a cause of in many animals?
Diarrhea, vomitting, gastroenteritis
139
Is E. coli serious?
It can cause death due to dehydration.
140
Who is E. coli especially dangerous to?
Suckling and weanling pigs and neonatal calves.
141
What types of infections can E. coli cause?
Urinary tract infections and upper respiratory infections.
142
What can it cause in dairy cows?
Mastitis
143
What are Salmonella, Klebsiella, and Proteus similar to?
E. coli
144
What are Salmonella, Klebsiella, and Proteus called?
Enteric organisms
145
What does Salmonella do in a dog?
Common cause of diarrhea.
146
What does Pasteurella multocida look like?
Small Gram Negative bacilli (or coccobacilli)
147
What does Pasteurella multocida cause?
A wise variety of disease in many different animals.
148
Where is Pasteurella multocida most commonly found?
In a bite wound.
149
Is Pasteurella multocida serious?
It is a serious infection in animals and humans.
150
Where does Pasteurella multocida infect dogs and cats?
In wounds
151
Where Pasteurella multocida normally found in dogs and cats?
The mouth.
152
What kind of pathogen is Pasteurella multocida?
Opportunistic
153
What type of infection does Pasteurella multocida cause in most animals?
Upper respiratory tract.
154
What does Pasteurella multocida cause in rabbits?
Snuffles
155
Is snuffles fatal?
It can be.
156
What can snuffles infect if left untreated?
- The heart and uterus.
| - Can become septic.
157
What types of infections does Snuffles cause?
Pneumonia and upper respiratory infections.
158
What are the symptoms of Snuffles.
Sneezing, coughing, runny eyes and nose.
159
What does Pasteurella multocida cause in swine?
Swine plague
160
What are the symptoms of Swine Plague?
- Pneumonia-like symptoms.
| - High fever, cough, anorexia.
161
Is Swine Plague a primary or secondary infection?
It is almost always a secondary infection.
162
What can Swine Plague progress to?
Meningitis.
163
How are Pasteurella multocida infections treated?
Penicillin and other antibiotics.
164
Is Pasteurella multocida zoonotic?
Yes, through bites and scratches from animals.
165
Who does Pasteurella multocida commonly infect?
Veterinary workers
166
What type of infection does Pasteurella multocida normally cause in humans?
Usually a skin infection.
167
What can Pasteurella multocida cause in humans?
Pneumonia.
168
Is Pasteurella multocida fatal to humans.
Not usually, though it can lead to meningitis.
169
What does Bordatella bronchiseptica look like?
Small Gram Negative bacilli (and coccobacilli)
170
Where is Bordatella bronchiseptica found?
It is normally found in the upper respiratory tract of dogs and swine.
171
What does Bordatella bronchiseptica do to dogs/rabbits?
Often causes secondary infection in dogs with viral infections.
-rabbits with snuffles.
172
How is Bordatella bronchiseptica spread?
Droplet inhalation.
173
What are the symptoms of Bordatella bronchiseptica?
-Honking, unproductive cough.
174
What disease does Bordatella bronchiseptica cause in dogs?
A cause of kennel cough or bronchopneumonia in dogs.
175
Is Bordatella bronchiseptica contagious?
It is highly contagious.
176
What other animals can Bordatella bronchiseptica infect?
Pigs and cats in addition to dogs and rabbits.
177
What were Anaplasma phagocytophilium or Anaplasma platys originally classified as?
Until 2001 they were classified as Ehrlichia genus.
178
What do Ehrlichia and Anoplasma have in common?
They are both rickettsial infections of the blood.
179
Do all animals infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilium or Anaplasma platysshow signs of infection?
Most do not show signs of disease. They are subclinical carriers.
180
What are the symptoms of Anaplasma phagocytophilium?
- Mild, flu-like symptoms.
- Fever, lethargy, anorexia.
- General muscle pain (reluctance to move).
181
What does Anaplasma phagocytophilium do in a healthy animal?
It it self-limiting in a healthy animal.
182
How long does infection last in healthy dogs?
One to a few days.
183
What are the chronic and noticeable symptoms of Anaplasma phagocytophilium?
- Closely mimic those in Lyme Disease.
| - Joint pain and lameness (polyarthritis)
184
Which set of symptoms are the more common?
The chronic symptoms are the most common.
185
What happens in rare cases of Anaplasma phagocytophilium?
May cause other disorders such as diarrhea, vomiting, and sometimes respiratory.
186
Can dogs become carriers of Anaplasma phagocytophilium?
Some dogs my become essentially asymptomatic carriers.
187
How is Anaplasma phagocytophilium transmitted?
Eastern US: Ixodes scapularis
Western US: Ixodes pacificus
*prefers reptiles to mammals.
188
What must happen for Anaplasma phagocytophilium to be transmitted to dogs?
It must bite dog for at least 24 hours to transmit disease.
189
How many dogs in the northeast US test positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilium?
80% - it is endemic
190
How many dogs in the western US test positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilium?
20%
191
How is Anaplasma phagocytophilium diagnosed?
Snap test.
192
What does the snap test for with Anaplasma phagocytophilium?
It tests for exposure not for clinical disease. Many subclinical or not ill patients will test positive on this.
193
What can the snap test for Anaplasma phagocytophilium distinguish between?
Ehrlichiosis and Lyme Disease
194
What can Anaplasma phagocytophilium be easily confused with?
Lyme Disease
| -lameness, polyarthritis
195
What are clinical symptoms of Anaplasma phagocytophilium?
-Possible fever, weight loss, anorexia, vomiting.
196
What do patients test positive for in addition to Anaplasma phagocytophilium?
In our area, Anaplasmosis and Lyme Disease are often found in the same patient.
197
What are the hematologic symptoms of Anaplasma phagocytophilium?
- Seeing morula in neutrophils of infected animals.
| - Thrombocytopenia mild to severe.
198
Is it hard to see morula in netorphils of animals infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilium?
Yes. Doing a buffy coat smear helps id this.
199
What is thrombocytopenia?
Low platelet count.
200
How is Anaplasma phagocytophilium treated?
Doxycycline and related antibiotics.
201
How is Anaplasma phagocytophilium prevented?
Tick control. There is no vaccine.
202
Is Anaplasma phagocytophilium zoonotic?
Yes, but not directly from a dog. From a tick bite.
203
What is the major reservoir for Anaplasma phagocytophilium?
White tailed deer and several small rodents including mice and voles.
204
What does Anaplasmosa platy infect?
Mainly platelets.
205
What does Anaplasmosa platy cause?
Infectious cyclic thrombocytopenia disease (infects platelets).
206
What type of disease is Anaplasmosa platy?
A tick borne rickettsial disease.
207
What tick is responsible for Anaplasmosa platy?
- Rhipicephalus (Wood Tick)
| - Dermacentor (Brown Dog Tick)
208
What animal is mainly affected by Anaplasmosa platy?
Dogs
209
Do all dogs show symptoms of Anaplasmosa platy?
Most infected dogs will have no or mild clinical disease.
210
What does Anaplasmosa platy do in severe cases?
- Thrombopenia with inclusion bodies visible in platelets.
| - This is cyclic in two or three week intervals.
211
What are the symptoms of the acute form of Anaplasmosa platy?
Pale mucous membranes, lethargy, and fever.
212
How is Anaplasmosa platy diagnosed?
- With a whole blood smear.
- Morula in circulating platelets.
- Snap test.
213
How is Anaplasmosa platy treated?
With antibiotics.
Parasitology
flashcards
Decks in class (14)
# Cards
-
Viruses200
-
Bacteria213
-
Fungi55
-
Protozoa222
-
Nematode Classifications15
-
Nematode General Information28
-
Nematode I99
-
Nematode II - Basic Taxonomy15
-
Nematode II - Common Names23
-
Nematode II - Details88
-
Platyhelminthes - Basic Taxonomy & Names11
-
Platyhelminthes - Details50
-
Arthropods - Basic Taxonomy53
-
Arthropods - Details36
