Bacterial Classification

Question 1

Prokaryotes

Answer 1

• lack organelles
• have photosynthetic pigments
• some have flagella or pili

Question 2

Plasmids

Answer 2

small loops of DNA that can be transmitted from one cell to another either with sex or viruses
-beneficial for antibiotic resistance

Question 3

Gram-positive

Answer 3

• thick peptidoglycan layer
• contain teichoic and lipoteichoic acids
• carbohydrate polymers cross linked by proteins
• purple

Question 4

Gram-negative

Answer 4

• double cell membrane
• thin layer of peptidoglycan and outer membrane of LPS and proteins
• pink

Question 5

Biochemical reactions

Answer 5

lactose fermenting vs non fermenting

Question 6

Serotype

Answer 6

group A vs B vs D streptococcus

Question 7

Antibiotic Resistance pattens

Answer 7

MSSA vs MRSA

Question 8

Periplasmic space

Answer 8

gram-negative, the space between the two layers

Question 9

S-layer

Answer 9

allows the bacteria to adhere to host cells, attached to the outer membrane

Question 10

Flagella

Answer 10

whip-like appearence that helps to propel a cells

Question 11

Bacterial chromosome

Answer 11

• circular chromosome, main genome carries housekeeping genes
• the DNA is packed by DNA binding proteins
• Plasmid carries genes that are not always require for growth

Question 12

Borrelia

Answer 12

linear chromosome

Question 13

Burkholderia species and vibrio cholerae

Answer 13

more that one chromosome

Question 14

DNA replication is catalyzed by

Answer 14

DNA polymerase

Question 15

DNA polymerase need an

Answer 15

RNA primer

Question 16

Nucleotides are added by

Answer 16

Complementary base pairing with the template strand

Question 17

Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphaes are

Answer 17

hydrolyzed as added releasing energy for DNA synthesis

Question 18

Replication of the chromosomal bacterial

Answer 18

• 5’ to 3’
• OriC is the only place where replication is incited
• Bidirectional two replication forks
• when forks meet terminate the replication

Question 19

Messenger RNA mRNA

Answer 19

is synthesized complementary to a gene and subsequently translated into a polypeptide or protein an tRNA

Question 20

Ribosomal RNA rRNA

Answer 20

-structural component of the ribosome

Question 21

Gene

Answer 21

a region of DNA encoding a particular polypeptide chain or functional RNA such as rRNA or tRNA

Question 22

Codon

Answer 22

a sequence of three nucleotides that via messenger m RNA code for an amino

Question 23

Anticodon

Answer 23

sequence of three ribonucleic bases in a molecule of transfer RNA complementary to a messenger RNA codon. the anticodon of tRNA forming hydrogen bonds with the codons along the mRNA is what inserts the proper amino acid in the proper place during translation

Question 24

Start codon

Answer 24

sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that specifies the first amino acid in the synthesis of a polypeptide chain AUG or GUG proka and AUG in euka

Question 25

Nonsense or stop codon

Answer 25

sequence of 3 nucleotides that stop mRNA transcription

Question 26

Transformation

Answer 26

DNA enters recipient cell and integrates into DNA

Question 27

Transduction

Answer 27

cell lysis release of phages, phage infects recipient cell donor DNA integrates into recipient DNA

Question 28

Conjugation

Answer 28

plasmid moves from donor to recipient via sex (pilus), DNA integrates

Question 29

Transposition

Answer 29

jumping genes, transposon with inverted repeats

Question 30

Pathogenesis

Answer 30

origen and development of the disease

Question 31

Virulence

Answer 31

Capacity of a microorganism to cause disease

Question 32

Virulence factors

Answer 32

Molecules expressed and secreted by the pathogen

Question 33

Pathogenicity depends

Answer 33

- characteristics of bacteria and strains - Immune status of the host - number of organisms in the exposure

Question 34

Normal flora

Answer 34

``` skin -staphylococcus aureus -s. epidermis -propionibacterium acnes Intestin -Bacteroides high number -Enterobacteriaceae low in ```

Question 35

Toxins

Answer 35

bacterial products that harm tissue or trigger destructive activities -can promote cytokine release

Question 36

Exotoxins

Answer 36

``` cytolytic enzymes, receptor binding proteins -alter a function or kill the cell -C. perfringens alpha toxin -hemolysis pore forming toxins ```

Question 37

Membrane damaging exotoxins

Answer 37

- Proteases - phospholipases - detergent like action

Question 38

A-B subunit toxins

Answer 38

- B promotes cell entry - target specific tissues - result in diarrhea loss of neuronal function - biochemical targets (ribosomes, transport, cell signaling)

Question 39

Lipopolysaccharide LPS

Answer 39

- gram negative - endotoxin - low; fever, inflammation and immune response - high: shock, death, activation of blood clotting

Question 40

Quorum sensing

Answer 40

cells involved in the detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria and other harmful organisms