Balance

Question 1

balance

Answer 1

Dynamic process by which the body’s position is maintained in equilibrium

Question 2

COM - center of mass

Answer 2

Point that corresponds to the center of the total body mass
Point at which body is in perfect equilibrium

Question 3

COG - center of gravity

Answer 3

Refers to the vertical projection of the COM to the ground
Typically located slightly anterior to 2nd sacral vertebra

Question 4

BOS - base of support

Answer 4

The perimeter of contact area between the body and its support surface
Foot placement alters BOS & person’s postural stability

Question 5

Body systems x3

Answer 5

neurological
musculoskeletal
cardiovascular

Question 6

neurological

Answer 6

provides sensory processing, sensorimotor integration, and motor strategies

Question 7

Musculoskeletal

Answer 7

contributes to postural alignment, flexibility/ROM, muscle performance, and sensation

Question 8

cardiovascular

Answer 8

maintains adequate brain perfusion to prevent LOB due to orthostatic hypotension/altered consciousness

Question 9

balance x 3

Answer 9

vision
sensation
vestibular

Question 10

visual system

Answer 10

• info on position of head relative to environment
• orientation of head to **maintain level gaze
• direction & speed of head movements
• can improve stability through gaze fixation

Question 11

vestibular

Answer 11

• info on position & movement of head w respect to gravity inertial forces
  2 types:
• vestibulospinal reflex:
• vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR):

Question 12

vestibulospinal reflex:

Answer 12

brings about postural changes to compensate for tilts/Movements of the body

Question 13

vestibulo-ocular reflex

Answer 13

• stabilizes vision during head/body movements
  
  • running, vision isn’t bouncing arounds its more so stable

Question 14

somatosensory

Answer 14

• info on position/motion of body
• input from:
  
  • mm proprioceptors (mm length/tension)
  • joint receptors (joint position, movement, stress)
  • skin mechanoreceptors (vibration, light touch, deep pressure, skin)

Question 15

• anteroposterior plane
• quiet stance
• small perturbations

Answer 15

ankle postural response

Question 16

• rapid/large perturbations
• COG near limits of stability
• hip flexion/extension

Answer 16

hip postural response

Question 17

• larger forces
• displacement of COM beyond LOS
• forward/backward step

Answer 17

stepping postural response

Question 18

• quickly lowering body COM
• flexing of knees, ankles, hips
• can combine w ankle/weight-shift
• surface moving underneath you

Answer 18

suspension postural response

Question 19

is age a risk factor for falls in elders?

Answer 19

NOO!

Question 20

static

Answer 20

• balance in place
• Romberg test
• sharpened (tandem) Romberg test
• single-leg stance test
  interventions
• vary postures
• sharpened (tandem) Romberg

Question 21

types of postural control x4

Answer 21

steady-state control
reactive control
anticipatory control
adaptive control

Question 22

sensory input impairments = poor balance

Answer 22

peripheral neuropathies
vision loss/low vision
vestibular damage
- TBI
- aging
- viral infection; ear infection

Question 23

sensorimotor integration impairments

Answer 23

impaired processing of sensory information
damage to basal, ganglia, cerebellum, or supplementary motor area
- Parkinson’s Disease
- cerebellar CVA

Question 24

biomechanical/motor output impairments

Answer 24

musculoskeletal/neuromuscular deficits
- posture
- ROM
- strength
- pain
- motor control
- tone

Question 25

risk factors w aging x11

Answer 25

- hx of falls - multiple medications - gait, balance, & mobility defecates - visual deficits - other neuro impairments - mm weakness - HR/rhythm abnormalities - postural hypotension - foot/footwear problems - environmental hazards - Dx of depression

Question 26

which (external/internal) is more effective for motor learning

Answer 26

external

Question 27

The sway boundaries in which an individual can maintain equilibrium without changing BOS

Answer 27

Limits of Stability "how far can we shift before changing BOS"

Question 28

deficits for medications x5

Answer 28

Hypnotics Sedatives Tricyclic antidepressants Tranquilizers Antihypertensive drugs - Hypotension

Question 29

static balances test

Answer 29

romberg test sharpened tandem romberg single leg stance test

Question 30

dynamic balance tests

Answer 30

five times sit to stand

Question 31

anticipatory balance tests

Answer 31

functional reach test multidirectional reach test

Question 32

reactive balance test

Answer 32

pull test push & release test

Question 33

sensory organization tests

Answer 33

modified CTSIB balance error scoring system (BESS)

Question 34

functional activities tests

Answer 34

Berg Balance Scale (BBS) Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) Tinetti Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA) Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) or mini-BESTest Four Square Step Test (FSST) Functional Gait Assessment (FGA)

Question 35

Safety During Gait, Locomotion, or Balance tests

Answer 35

Fear of Falling - Falls Efficacy Scale (FES) - Activities-Specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC) Home assessments