Baseline test

Question 1

What is Disseminate ?

Answer 1

Disseminate - to spread new knowledg

Question 2

What are Ethical Issues ?

Answer 2

• Maintain the reputation of psychology - many studies have damaged the image of psychology
• Build trust between researchers and participants
• Protect participants
• Further our understanding of human behaviour

Question 3

What is Deception ?

Answer 3

• Where a participant isn’t told the true aims of a study and thus can’t give truly informed consent.
  Overcome this - The right for the persons’ data to be withheld

Question 4

What is Informed Consent ?

Answer 4

• Participants have the right to be given comprehensive information concerning the nature and purpose of research and their role in it so they can decide whether want to take part
• Debriefing is necessary

Question 5

What is Privacy and Confidentiality ?

Answer 5

Privacy - person’s right to control flow if information about themselves
Confidentiality - Participants’ right to have personal information protected
Overcome this - Confidentiality clauses are included in the consent form.

Question 6

What is the definition of physical and emotional abuse?

Answer 6

Emotional abuse is a way to control by using emotions to embarrass, shame, frighten, criticize, blame or manipulate another, while physical abuse is intentionally causing injury or trauma to another person by way of bodily contact
Avoid research which will lead to harm

Question 7

What is Socially sensitive research ?

Answer 7

Socially sensitive research involves studies that have the potential to have a negative impact on specific groups of people or society in general.
Privacy and Confidentiality should be maintained.

Question 8

What is Debrief ?

Answer 8

• After the experiment, the person must be informed that they were deceived and the general idea of the experiment.
  Overcome this - Ask if they have any questions, and must discuss its findings, this is done to ease their mind

Question 9

What is Right to withdraw ?

Answer 9

Participants should have the right to withdraw from taking part in a study where they’re feeling uncomfortable, and also have the right to refuse permission for the researcher to use any data they produced

Question 10

What is Single-blind ?

Answer 10

Type of research design in which participant isn’t aware of research aims

Question 11

What is Double-blind ?

Answer 11

Neither experimenter nor participant is aware of the research aims so has no expectations

Question 12

Qualitative data

Answer 12

Descriptions, words, meanings, pictures and texts.

Question 13

Quantitative data

Answer 13

Numbers and measures of something.

Question 14

The features of science

Answer 14

• Objective - Being free from bias
• Theoretical - based on a theory
• Empirical - based on research
• Rational - being reasonable/logical
• Replicable - to make an exact copy
  – Guards against Fraud
  – Ensures validity and reliability
  –Can generalize findings to other participants or settings
• Falsification - Proving the truth of research by proving the null version is false
  Disproves a hypothesis with a theory

Question 15

Validity

Answer 15

not accurate

Question 16

Coronation

Answer 16

a test that confirms a hypothesis

Question 17

Paradigm

Answer 17

a commonly agreed method or system
Quantitative - numerical

Question 18

Control

Answer 18

is anything that is held constant
Independent and dependent variables are controlled

Question 19

The scientific Process

Answer 19

Induction
- Make an observation
- General truths explain this observation
Deduction
- Theories made about this observation
- Specific predictions/hypotheses constructed
- Hypothesis tested

Question 20

Simple version of The Scientific Process

Answer 20

1. Observation
2. Hypothesis
3. Prediction
4. Test/ investigate prediction
5. Repeat 3 and 4 until there are between theory and Practice

Question 21

What is Peer review ?

Answer 21

The Assessment of scientific research by specialists in the same field, to ensure it is high quality before being published

Question 22

Why is peer review important ?

Answer 22

It makes sure the information we have is as accurate as possible ensuring its validity, reliability and credibility. This guards against fraud.

Question 23

Explain the process of peer review. List the structural feedback that external peer reviewers include in their report to the journal editor ?

Answer 23

First, the researcher sends in the work they feel should be published. This is sent to a small group of people in the same field when they scrutinize the work so it can be published, the work can be rejected or can be given improvements. Once the work is of the highest quality, it’s published in a journal.

Question 24

What is meant by the term ‘blind’ review and how does this differ from a ‘double-blind’ review ?

Answer 24

Blind peer review is when only the author doesn’t know who the reviewer is.
However, a double-blind reviewer is neither the author nor the reviewer knows each other’s identity. Both are Anonymous to prevent bias

Question 25

Suggest 2 additional points that could be added to the debriefing statement to better ensure ethical treatment of the students ? (4)

Answer 25

Confidentiality - Tell students that their data will be kept confidential - Their responses won't be identifiable and won't be accessible to anyone other than any researcher. Withdrawal of data - Ensure students are told they have the right to withdraw their data, even if they have consented previously.

Question 26

What is meant by peer review? 2 marks

Answer 26

When a specialist in the same field, is able to scrutinise, critise, reject or give improvements on research.

Question 27

Briefly explain one reason why it is important for research to undergo a peer review process ? 2 marks

Answer 27

- it guards against fraud and be an accurate piece of research. - improves the quality of research - errors are identified since researchers are less objective about their work

Question 28

Outline what is meant by replication in research. Explain why replication forms an essential part of the scientific approach. 4 marks

Answer 28

- Replication is when you are able to repeat the study again and get the same results. - it guards against fraud. - it also ensures validity and reliability that the research is accurate. You can also generalise its findings with other people or settings in the field

Question 29

Outline 3 ways in which the study described above could be considered to be scientific ?

Answer 29

it can be easily replicated. Possible features from the study: measuring levels of hormones; use of saliva samples; sample of 40 participants; prediction based on theory; statistical testing. Explanations might refer to: empirical method; use a quote from the source