IFOM > Basic bacteriology > Flashcards

Basic bacteriology Flashcards

(44 cards)

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1
Q

Bacterial structure unique to Gram +

A

Lipoteichoic acid

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2
Q

Bacterial structures unique to Gram -

A
  • Outer membrane: Porin, endotoxin/LPS
  • Wide periplasmic space containing B-lactamase
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3
Q

Gram stain

A
  • Gram + : thick peptidoglycan layer
  • Gram - : thin peptidoglycan layer
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4
Q

Bacterias that do not stain well

A
  • Treponema, Leptospira (too thin)
  • Mycobacteria (high lipid wall)
  • Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma (no wall)
  • Legionella, Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Bartonella, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia (intracellular)

These Little Microbes May Unfortunatey Lack Real Color But Are Everywhere

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5
Q

Giemsa Stain bacterias

A
  • H. pylori
  • Chlamydia
  • Borrelia
  • Rickettsia
  • Trypanosomes
  • Plasmodium
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6
Q

Stain used to diagnose Whipple disease (Tropheryma whipplei)

A

PAS:
Stains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides

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7
Q

Stain used for Cryptococcus neoformans

A

India ink stain

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8
Q

Silver stain + bacterias

A
  • H. pylori
  • Legionella
  • Bartonella henselae
  • fungi
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9
Q

Media used for isolation of H. Influenzae

A

Chocolate agar

Factors V (NAD+) and X (hematin)

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10
Q

Media used for isolation of Neisseria (gram -)

A

Thayer Martin

  • Inhibits gram + with vancomicin
  • inhibits Gram - with trimethoprim and colistin
  • Inhibits fungi with nystatin
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11
Q

Media used for M. pneumoniae

A

Eaton agar

Requires cholesterol

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12
Q

Media used for isolation of M. tuberculosis

A
  • Lowenstein Jensen medium
  • Middlebrook medium
  • Rapid automated broth cultures
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13
Q

Media used for isolation of Fungi

A

Sabouraud agar

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14
Q

Anaerobes

A
  • Clostridioides
  • Clostridium
  • Bacteroides
  • Fusobacterium
  • Actinomyces

Foul smelling, difficult to culture, produce gas in tissue, resistent vs aminoglycosides

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15
Q

Obligate intracellular bacteria

A
  • Rickettsia
  • Chlamydia
  • Coxiella

rely on host ATP

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16
Q

Facultative intracellular

A
  • Salmonella
  • Neisseria
  • Brucella
  • Mycobacterium
  • Listeria
  • Francisella
  • Legionella
  • Yersinia pestis

Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY

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17
Q

Encapsulated bacteria

A
  • P. aeruginosa
  • S. pneumoniae
  • H. influenzae type B
  • N. meningitidis
  • E. Coli
  • Salmonella
  • Klebsiella
  • Group B Strep

Asplenics: Neisseria, S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae

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18
Q

Urease positive organisms

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A
  • Proteus
  • Cryptococcus
  • H. pylori
  • Ureaplasma
  • Nocardia
  • Klebsiella
  • S. epidermidis
  • S saprophyticus

Predisposes to struvite stones( + Proteus)

19
Q

Catalase positive organisms

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A
  • Candida
  • Pseudomonas
  • Nocardia
  • Bordetella pertussis
  • Burkholderia cepacia
  • H. pylori
  • Aspergillus
  • Staphylococci
  • Serratia
  • Listeria
  • E. coli

Catalase Positive: Notoriously Big Bubbling HASSLE

20
Q

Pigment producing bacteria

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A
  • Actinomyces israelii: yellow sulfur granules
  • S. aureus: golden yellow
  • P. aeruginosa: blue green (pyocianin and pyoverdin)
  • Serratia marcescens: red
21
Q

Bio-film producing bacteria

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A
  • S. epidermidis: catheter and prosthetic device
  • S. viridans: dental plaques, infective endocarditis
  • P. aeruginosa: respiratory treee, ventilator, contact lens keratitis
  • Nontypeable H. influenzae: otitis media
22
Q

How to kill spores

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A

Autoclave by steaming at 121°C for 15 mins at pressure of 15 psi
Hydoregn peroxide and iodine-based agents

Dipicolinic acid is responsible for heat resistance

23
Q

Mechanism and manifestation of the Diptheria exotoxin

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Inactivate EF-2 through ADP-ribosylation
  • Pharyngitis with pseudomembranes in throat and severe lymphadenopathy (bull neck)
  • Myocarditis
24
Q

Bacterias with exotoxins that inhibit protein synthesis

Study These Flashcards
A
  • C. diphteriae: Diphtheria toxin
  • P. aeruginosa: exotoxin A
  • Shigella: Shiga toxin
  • Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli: Shiga toxin
25
Mechanism and Manifestation of Exotoxin A (P. aeruginosa)
* Inactivate EF-2 through ADP- ribosylation * Host cell death
26
Mechanism of Shiga toxin
inactivate 60s ribosome by removing adenine from rRNA
27
Manifestations of Shiga toxin
* Damages GI mucosa: dysentery * Toxin mediated injury and cytokine release: hemolitic uremic Syndrome (HUS)
28
Bacteria with exotoxins that increase fluid secretion
* Enterotoxigenic E. coli * Bacillus anthracis * Vibrio cholerae
29
Mechanism of the Heat Labile toxin (E. coli)
* ↑ cAMP * ↑ Cl secretion in gut and H2O efflux
30
Mechanism of the Heat Stable exotoxin (E. coli)
* ↑ cGMP * ↓resorption of NaCl and H2O in gut
31
Manifestations of LT and ST of E. coli
Watery diarrhea "labile in the Air, stable on Ground"
32
Bacteria that ↑ cAMP
* V cholerae * B anthracis * B pertussis * E coli
33
Manifestation of Pertussis toxin
* Whooping cough * "100 day couh" in adults * Associated with posttusive emesis
34
Mechanism of Tetanospasmin and Botulinum toxin
Proteases that cleave SNARE, a set of proteins required for NT release via vesicular fusion
35
Manifestations of tetanospasmin
Prevents release of inhibitory NT from Renshaw cells in spinal cord: * Spastic paralysis * Risus sardonicus * Trismus(lockjaw) * Opisthotonos
36
Manifestations of Botulinum toxin
* Infant botulism: ingestion of spores, in vivo * Foodborne botulism: ingestion of preformed toxin
37
Mechanism of C. perfringens´ Alpha toxin
Phospholipase that degrades tissue and cell membranes
38
Manifestation of C. perfringens´ Alpha toxin
Degradation of phospholipids: * Myonecrosis (Gas gangrene) * Hemolysis (double zone on blood agar)
39
Mechanism of S. pyogenes´Streptolysin O
Protein that degrades cell membrane
40
Manifestation of S. pyogenes´Streptolysin O
* Lyses RBCs, contributes to B-hemolysis * Host Ab against toxin (ASO) used to diagnose rheumatic fever
41
Mechanism of TSST-1 (S. aureus) and Erythrogenic exotoxin A (S. pyogenes)
Cross links β region of TCR to MHC II on APCs outside of the Ag binding site: * Overwhelming release of IL-1, IL-2, IFN-Y and TNF-a * Shock
42
Manifestation of TSST-1 (S. aureus)
**Toxic shock syndrome: fever, rash, shock** Scalded skin syndrome and food posoning
43
Three main effects of endotoxins | released upon cell lysis
* Macrophage activation (TLR4/CD14) * Complement activation * Tissue factor activation
44
ENDOTOXINS | NEMOTECNIA
* Edema * Nitric Oxide * DIC/ Death * Outer membrane * TNF-a * O- antigen + core polysaccharide+ lipid A * eXtremely heat stable * IL-1 and IL-6 * Neutrophil chemotaxis * Shock
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