Micro Step 1 > Basic Bacteriology > Flashcards

Basic Bacteriology Flashcards

(39 cards)

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1
Q

Feature unique to gram +ve

A

Lipoteichoic acid - induces TNFa and IL-1

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2
Q

Feature unique to gram -ve

A
  1. Outer-membrane- containing endotoxin and porins
    - endotoxin induce TNFa and IL-1
    - porin transport across outer membrane
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3
Q

Common features of bacteria

A
  1. Flagellum- movement
  2. Pilus- adherence to cell surface
  3. Capsule - protection against phagocytosis
  4. Cell wall - protects against osmotic damage
  5. Cytoplasmic membrane- site of ETC
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4
Q

Pleomorphic bacteria?

A

No cell wall

  1. Anaplasma
  2. Ehrlichia
  3. Chlamydia
  4. Ureaplasma
  5. Rickettsiae
  6. Mycoplasma
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5
Q

Bacteria that do not gram stain

A
  1. Trepenoma, Leptospira - too thin
  2. Mycobacteria- cell wall with high lipid content
  3. Pleomorphic bacteria
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6
Q

Why do pleomorphic bacteria not stain with gram ?

A
  1. Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma - no cell wall.
  2. Legionella, Rickettsiae, Anaplasma, Bartonella, Ehrlichia - intracellular
  3. Chlamydia- lacks classic cell wall d/t less muramic acid
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7
Q

Organims +ve with GIEMSA stain ?

A

”CLuMsy RICK TRiPped on a BORRowed HELICOpter PLAStered in GEMS”

  1. Rickettsiae
  2. Chlamydia
  3. Trypanosomes
  4. Plasmodium
  5. Borrelia
  6. Helicobacter Pylori
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8
Q

Period acid schiff stain?

A

Stains glycogen and mucopolysaccharides

-Dx of Whipples disease caused by Tropheryma Whipplei

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9
Q

Ziehl-Neelson stain ?

A

Also called carbol fuchsin

  • Acid fast bacteria ( Mycobacteria, Nocardia)
  • Protozoa
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10
Q

Alternative stain for Zeihl Neelson ?

A

Auramine-rhodamine for screening since sensitive and inexpensive.

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11
Q

India Ink stain ?

A

Cryptococcus Neoformans

MUCICARMINE- can also be used to stain capsule red

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12
Q

Silver stain?

A
  1. Fungi
  2. Legionella
  3. H. Pylori
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13
Q

Special Culture for H. influenzae ?

A

Chocolate agar with factors 5 (NAD+) and 10 (hematin)

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14
Q

Special Culture for Neiserria ?

A

Thayer martin agar - selective media

Inhibits gram +ve with vancomycin
Inhibits gram -ve with TMP and colistin
Inhibits fungi with nystatin

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15
Q

Special Culture for B. Pertussis ?

A

Bordet - gengou agar

Regan-Lowe medium

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16
Q

Special Culture for C. Diptheriae

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A

Tellurite agar

Löffler medium

17
Q

Special Culture for M. Tuberculosis?

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A

Löwenstein-Jensen agar

18
Q

Special Culture for M. Pneumoniae ?

19
Q

Special Culture for lactose fermenters ?

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A

MacConkey agar - fermentation produces acid that turns colonies PINK

20
Q

Special Culture for E. Coli ?

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A

Eosin-Methylene Blue (EMB) agar that turns colonies to GREEN WITH METALLIC SHEEN

21
Q

Special Culture for the ELLA siblings ?

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A

Charcoal yeast agar with CYSTEINE and IRON

22
Q

The ELLA siblings ?

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A

Brucella
Francisella
Pasteurella
Legionella

23
Q

Special Culture for fungi ?

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A

SAB’s a FUN GUY

Sabouraud agar

24
Q

Examples of aerobes?

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A

“Nagging Pests Must Breathe”

  1. Nocardia
  2. P. Aeruginosa
  3. M. Tb - reactivation with predilection of lung apices
  4. B. Pertussis
25
Features of anaerobes ?
1. Lack catalase and/or superoxide dismutase - prone to oxidative damage 2. Foul smelling (short chain FA) 3. Difficult to culture 4. Produce gas in tissues - co2 and h2 5. AminOglycosides - ineffective b/c requires O2 to enter cell
26
Flora of anaerobes ? | Examples ?
Normal in GI flora Pathogenic everywhere else ``` “Anaerobes Cant Breathe Fresh Air” Clostridium Bacteroids Fusobacterium Actinomyces ```
27
Intracellular bacteria ?
“ cells stay insides when its REally CHilly COld” Obligate - Rickettsiae, Chlamydiae, Coxiella ``` “Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLY” Salmonella Neiserria Brucella Mycobacteria Listeria Francisella Legionella Yersinia ```
28
Encapsulated bacteria ?
``` “Please SHiNE my SKiS” P. Aeruginosa S. Pneumonia H. Influenzae type b N. Meningitidis E. Coli Salmonella Klebsiella Group B strep ```
29
Asplenic patients need vaccination for ?
Reduced opsonisation so vaccination for: 1. N. Meningitidis 2. S. Pneumoniae 3. H. Influenzae
30
Urease +ve organisms ?
“Pee CHUNKSS” ``` Proteus Cryptococcus H. Pylori Ureaplasma Nocardia Klebsiella S. Epidermis S. Saprophyticus ``` Urease hydrolyses urea to form NH3 and CO2 - increase pH -> STRUVITE STONES (MgNH3PO4)
31
Intracellular bacteria escape mechanisms ?
1. Blocking fusion of phagosome and lysosome ( Salmonella and M.tb) 2. Inhibit phagolysosome acidification ( M. Tb) 3. Escape from phagosome to cytosol ( Listeria and Shigella)
32
What is need to get rid of intracellular organisms ?
INF-g, TNF-b, IL-12 to stimulate CELL MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE to activate macrophages
33
Pigment producing bacteria ?
1. Actinomyces israleli - YELLOW sulfur granules of bacterial filaments 2. S. Aureus - GOLDEN 3. P. Aeruginosa - Blue/green d/t pyocyanin/pyoverdin 4. Serratia - Red ( sriracha sauce)
34
Biofilm producing bacteria ?
1. S. Epidermis - catheter and prosthetic device 2. Viridans strep - dental plaque and infective carditis 3. P. Aeruginosa - VAP, colonisation in CF pts, contact lens assoc. keratitis 4. H. Influenzae non typable- otitis media
35
Features of Spore forming bacteria?
Bacillus sp and Clostridium sp 1. Dipicolinic acid - heat resistant 2. Must be autoclaved to kill spores - steam at 121•c for 15 mins 3. H2o2 and Iodine are also sporicidal
36
Bacterial virulence factors ?
Protein A IgA protease M protein
37
Fx of protein A ?
Binds Fc region of igG Prevents opsonisation and phagocytosis S. Aureus
38
Fx of IgA protease ?
Cleaves igA, allows bacteria to adhere and colonise on mucus membranes S. Pneumonia H. Influenzae type b Neiserria
39
Fx of M protein ?
Prevents phagocytosis by expressing epitopes similar to human protein. Molecular mimicry - group A strep Basis for acute rheumatic fever
Micro Step 1
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