Basic Blood

Question 1

What is Serum?

Answer 1

blood plasma without the clotting factors

Question 2

Albumin is responsible for?___________(3 things)

Answer 2

1. Exerting concentration gradient between blood and EC fluids.
2. Source of major colloid osmotic pressure, osmotic pressure on vessel walls.
3. carrier protein for thyroxine , bilirubin, barbiturates.

Question 3

What are the 2 types of Globulin plasma proteins? what are their functions?

Answer 3

1. Immunoglobulins (y-globulin): immune system molecules
2. Non-immune globulins(alpha, beta-globulins): maintain osmotic pressure within vascular system. Members of this group are: Fibronectin, lipoproteins, coagulation factors.

Question 4

What are the 3 main members of plasma proteins?

Answer 4

Albumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen

Question 5

Where are Erythrocytes phagocytosed?

Answer 5

Spleen, bone marrow and liver

Question 6

What are Reticulocytes?

Answer 6

Immature RBCs, still have organelles. Mature into erythrocytes within 48 hours.

Question 7

What causes Hereditary Spherocytosis?

Answer 7

Affects ankyrin complex (band 3, band 4.2 spectrin).

Defective anchor points, causing membrane to detach and peel off: spherical erythrocytes.

Question 8

What causes Hereditary Elliptocytosis?

Answer 8

Spectrin-Spectrin lateral bonds and spectrin-ankyrin-band 4.1 protein junctions are defective. Membrane fails to rebound and elongate: elliptical erythrocytes.

Question 9

What are the 3 types of Neutrophils granules? Mention a member of each granules type.

Answer 9

1. Azurophilic granules: lysosomes containing myeloperoxidase(MPO).
2. Specific granules: antimicrobial peptides
3. Tertiary granules: phosphatase and metalloproteinases.

Question 10

What kind of granules do Eosinophils have?

Answer 10

elongated specific and azurophilic granules.

Question 11

What do Eosinophils release?

Answer 11

Arylsulfatase and Histaminase

Question 12

Basophils are functionally related to?____

Answer 12

Mast cells

Question 13

What are Basophils responsible for?

Answer 13

Severe vascular disturbances associated with hypersensitivity reactions and anaphylaxis.

Question 14

What are the main functional cells of immune system?

Answer 14

Lymphocytes

Question 15

What type of Leuokocytes are the largest of the WBC?

Answer 15

Monocytes

Question 16

What do Monocytes differentiate into?

Answer 16

Phagocytes: Mononuclear Phagocytotic system.

Question 17

What are Thrombocytes derived from?

What is their main role?

Answer 17

derived from Megakaryocytes

Involved in Hemostasis (control of bleeding).

Question 18

What do platelets release during Thrombocytosis? What do they do?

Answer 18

1. Serotonin: vasoconstrictor: smooth muscles contraction

2. ADP & Thromboxane A2: increase aggregation of platelets to form Primary Hemostatic Plug.

Question 19

What is the Second Hemostatic Plug?

Answer 19

Platelets convert Fibrinogen to Fibrin. Fibrin forms a mesh over the initial plug.

Question 20

What can lead to decreased RBC production? (3 things)

Answer 20

Insufficient dietary Fe, Vitamin B12, Folic Acid.

Question 21

What is Eosinophilia?

Answer 21

Increased counts of Eosinophils due to allergies or parasitic infections (worms).

Question 22

What are the 2 integral membrane proteins?

What are their functions?

Answer 22

1. Glycophorin C: attaches underlying cytoskeletal proteins to the cell membrane.
2. Band 3 Protein: bind hemoglobin, are most abundant of the 2. Also, they acts as the anchoring site for cytoskeletal proteins.

Question 23

Spectrin filaments are anchored by: _________ (2 things). What do they interact with?

Answer 23

1. Band 4.1 protein complex: interacts with Glycophorin C.

2. Ankyrin Protein Complex(ankyrin and band 4.2 protein): interacts with Band 3 proteins.

Question 24

What directs Neutrophils to the injury site?

Answer 24

Chemotaxis