Basic Cell Structure and Diversity

Question 1

three things it takes to make a cell

Answer 1

1) dynamic information
2) chemistry (matter and energy)
3) compartments (ex. phospholipids)

Question 2

What is the miller-trey experiment

Answer 2

recreated earth’s atmosphere; created ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide, h2o, hydrogen gas; which in turn created amino acids (which in turn create proteins)

Question 3

describe cell theory

Answer 3

• cell is the structure unit of life
• all organisms are composed of 1 or more cell types
• cells can arise only by division of a pre existing cell

Question 4

cells are highly ____ and organized

Answer 4

cells are highly complex and organized

Question 5

cells are actively controlled by a ____ program

Answer 5

cells are actively controlled by a genetic program

Question 6

cells can ______

Answer 6

cells can reproduce

Question 7

cells can carry out many _____ ______ with _____

Answer 7

cells can carry out many chemical reactions with enzymes

Question 8

under which conditions can amino acids be synthesized

Answer 8

amino acids can be synthesized in the lab under conditions mimicking earth (anaerobic)

Question 9

describe eukaryotes

Answer 9

protists, fungi, plants

structurally more complex

Question 10

describe prokaryotes

Answer 10

bacteria

structurally simpler

Question 11

describe generally the organization of a cell

Answer 11

• contain a large number of parts
• organized with respect to time and space
• parts interact with little tolerance for error
• parts have to work together in a certain way

(all which provides great precision in cellular activities)

Question 12

general definition of a virus

Question 13

how do viruses exist outside of cells

Answer 13

outside of cells, viruses exist only as intimate particles (called viron)
-viron are comprised of small amounts of DNA and rna (encoding to a few genes)

Question 14

what is the protein capsule of a virus called

Answer 14

a capsid

Question 15

how do viruses work

Answer 15

they bind to the cell surface via specific proteins and enter into cell. once inside the cell, the virus hijacks cellular machinery to synthesize nucleic acids and proteins (which assembles new virus proteins)

Question 16

what are the two types of viral infections

Answer 16

1) lytic: production of virus particles ruptures (and kills) cell
2) non lytic/integrative/lysogenic:
- viral DNA is inserted in host genome (provirus)
- cell can survive, often with impaired function

Question 17

six functions of a biological membrane

Answer 17

• cell boundary (define/encloses compartments)
• control movement of material in/out of cell
• allow response for external stimuli
• enable interactions between cells
• provide scaffold for biochemical activities (plasma membrane only, includes energy transduction)

Question 18

what helps us undertstand complex cell processes

Answer 18

provirus: can insert their dna into our genome