Basic ECG interpretation > Basic Electrophysiology > Flashcards

Basic Electrophysiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of cells contain contractile filaments and are considered mechanical components?

A

Myocardial cells

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2
Q

`What cardiac cells are unique for being able to spontaneously generate and conduct electrical impulses?

A

Pacemaker cells

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3
Q

What is the ability of pacemaker cells to spontaneously initiate electrical impulses without external stimuli?

A

Automaticity

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4
Q

What is the ability of pacemaker cells to respond to outside stimulus?

A

Excitability

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5
Q

What is the ability of pacemaker cells to receive and conduct electrical impulses?

A

Conductivity

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6
Q

What is the ability of Myocardial cells to shorten and create muscle contraction?

A

Contractility

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7
Q

What is the ability of myocardial cells which allows them to stretch during diastole?

A

Extensibility

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8
Q

The rapid flow of ions across a cell membrane is simply known as what?

A

Action potential

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9
Q

The exchange of electrolytes in myocardial cells which result in electrical activities appear as what?

A

ECG waveforms

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10
Q

Major electrolytes that affect cardiac function are what?

A

Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium

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11
Q

On the outside of the cell membrane the charge is typically _____

A

Positive

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12
Q

On the inside of the cell membrane the charge is typically ______

A

Negative

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13
Q

The difference in electrical charge across a cell’s membrane is referred to as

A

Membrane potential

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14
Q

What is the membrane potential at which the cell membrane will depolarize and generate and action potential?

A

Threshold

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15
Q

The 5-phase cycle that depicts the difference in concentration of ions across a cell membrane

A

Action potential

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16
Q

the ability of a membrane channel to move ions through the channels

A

Permeability

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17
Q

What is it called when a cell goes from it’s resting (negative) state to it’s stimulated (positive) state?

A

Depolarization

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18
Q

Which type of action potential occurs in the Atria, ventricles, and purkinje fibers?

A

Fast response

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19
Q

How would an excess of sodium affect the heart rate?

A

Increase

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20
Q

Which type of action potentials occur in the SA and AV nodes?

A

Slow response

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21
Q

What type of action potential can occur anywhere in the heart in the case of ischemia, injury, or an electrolyte imbalance?

A

Slow-response

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22
Q

The resting membrane potential or resting state in which no electrical activity is occurring in the heart is also called what?

A

Polarization

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23
Q

This stage of membrane potential is referred to as what?

A

Polarization

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24
Q

When the cardiac muscle cell is stimulated it is said to be what?

A

Depolarized

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25
The P wave on the ECG correlates to what?
Atrial depolarization
26
The QRS complex on the ECG represents what?
Ventricular depolarization
27
What is it called when the inside of the cell becomes permeable to the inward diffusion of Na+?
Depolarization
28
When would the sodium fast channels open?
Depolarization
29
This stage of membrane potential is referred to as what?
Depolarization
30
An electrical event expected to result in contraction
Depolarization
31
What is it called when you view electrical activity on the monitor with no palpable pulse?
Pulseless electrical activity
32
What is occurring during the outward diffusion of potassium (K+)?
Repolarization
33
The return to resting state of the membrane potential is referred to as what?
Repolarization
34
The ST segment on the ECG is represented by what?
Early ventricular repolarization
35
This stage of membrane potential is referred to as what?
Repolarization
36
The T wave on the ECG is a representation of what
Completion of ventricular repolarization
37
Ischemia and hypoxia are two happenings that enhance what pacemaker property?
Excitability
38
What is the value in mV of the membrane at resting potential?
-90mV
39
What is the value in mV of the membrane at resting potential?
-90mV
40
How many phases are there is relation to cardiac action potential?
5
41
Phases 1-3 of the cardiac action potential are also referred to as what?
Electrical systole
42
Phase 4 of the cardiac action potential is also referred to as what?
Electrical diastole
43
Phase zero, also known as depolarization, is characterized by what?
Sodium moving rapidly into the cell, Potassium leaving the cell, and calcium moving slowly into the cell
44
Phase 0 of the cardiac action potential is responsible for what ECG figure?
QRS complex
45
The rapid depolarization phase, upstroke, or spike all refer to what?
Phase 0
46
When the cell gets and impulse what is initiated?
Phase 0
47
What do calcium channel blockers do?
Slow the heart rate
48
Cardiac contraction begins as what occurs?
depolarization
49
Atrial depolarization is represented by what?
P wave
50
What is this image depicting?
Phase 0, depolarization
51
What is the early, brief period of limited repolarization?
Phase 1
52
Phase 1, also known as early depolarization, is characterized by what electrolyte movements?
The Fast Na+ channels partially close, K+ begins transient movements through k+ channels, and results in a decrease in positive ions inside the cell
53
Phase 2, or the plateau, is characterized by what electrolyte movements?
The flow inward movement of Ca++ and the slow outward movement of K+
54
Phase 2 represents what movement on the ECG?
ST segment
55
What does this image depict?
Phase 2
56
What is referred to as late and rapid repolarization?
Phase 3
57
Phase 3, rapid and late depolarization, is characterized by what electrolyte movements?
K+ moving quickly OUT of the cell, slow channels closing ending the influx of Ca++ and Na++, and the cell becoming more electrically negative
58
The T wave on the ECG corresponds with what phase of action potential?
Phase 3
59
Phase 3 corresponds with what ECG waveform?
T wave
60
Phase 4 corresponds with what stage of action potential?
Resting membrane
61
The Na+/K+ pump is used crucial for bringing the heart back to it's polarized state during which phase?
Phase 4
62
The extend to which a cell is able to respond to a stimulus is referred to as its' _______
Refractoriness
63
The onset of the QRS complex to almost the peak of the T wave can also be referred to as ________
Absolute refractory period
64
Cardiac cells cannot be stimulated to conduct an electrical impulse, no matter the strength of the stimulus.
Absolute refractory period
65
This corresponds with the downslope of the T wave
Relative refractory period
66
Cardiac cells can be stimulated to depolarize if the stimulus is strong enough
Relative refractory period
67
Corresponds with the end of the T wave.
Supernormal period
68
A weaker than normal stimulus could cause depolarization of cardiac cells
Supernormal period
69
The fast firing node in the conduction system is the ______
SA node
70
This is located at the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrium
SA node
71
The SA node fires at a rate of
60-100
72
Normally the primary pacemaker of the heart
SA node
73
As the impulse leaves from the SA node it is spread from cell to cell of the
Atrial muscle
74
From the AV node the impulse is spread to the anterior internal pathway
Bachmann's bundle
75
The middler internal pathway is known as
Wenckebach Bundle
76
The posterior internodal pathway is known as
77
What provides electrical links between the atrium and ventricle?
AV junction
78
How does the AV junction affect the speed of the electrical impulse?
Decreases
79
What is located in the posterior septal wall of the right atrium?
AV Node
80
What part of the conduction system is supplied by the right coronary artery?
AV Node
81
The upper junctional region of the AV node is called what?
Atrionodal
82
The middle region of the AV node which is the largest and is responsible for redirecting and slowing down the impulse is termed what?
Nodal
83
The lowermost potion of the AV node which connects directly to the Bundle of His is referred to as what?
Nodal-His
84
After the impulse leaves the AV node it enters the
Bundle of His
85
Normally the only electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles is the
Bundle of His
86
What connects the AV node with the bundle branches?
Bundle of His
87
The Bundle branch has pacemaker cells capable of firing at a rate of
40-60
88
What is responsible for innervating the right ventricle?
Right bundle branch
89
What is responsible for spreading the impulse to the interventricular septum and left ventricle?
Left bundle branch
90
______ is divided into three fascicles; Anterior, posterior, and septal
Left bundle branch
91
The elaborate wed of fibers that penetrate about 1/3 of the way into the ventricular muscle mass
Purkinje Fibers
92
What is the intrinsic conduction rate of the purkinje fibers?
20-40
93
The purkinje fibers relay the impulse from the bundle branches to where?
Ventricular myocardium
94
What is an abnormal condition in which cardiac cells not associated with automaticity begin to spontaneously depolarize?
Enhanced automaticity
95
What is the abnormal condition in which pacemaker sites increase their firing rate beyond normal rates?
Enhanced automaticity
96
Catecholamines, atropine, digitalis, acidosis, hypoxia, myocardial Ischemia, Hypokalemia and hypocalcemia call all be causes for ______
Enhances automaticity
97
What is the propagation of an impulse through tissue that has already been activated by the same impulse?
Reentry
98
This occurs when the SA node slows down or fails to initiate depolarization and a lower site spontaneously produces electrical impulses to take over responsibility for pacing the heart
Escape beats
99
The heart rate, conductivity, and contractility are all affects of
Autonomic nervous system
100
Sympathetic nervous system is
Fight or flight
101
Parasympathetic nervous system is
Rest and digest
102
Stimulation of the sympathetic nerve fibers results in the release of what?
Norepinephrine
103
What neurotransmitter would increase the force of ventricular contraction, heart rate, blood pressure, and overall cardiac output
Norepinephrine
104
What is released when the cholinergic parasympathetic nervous system is innervated?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
105
What is the specialized nerve tissue found in the internal carotid arteries and aortic arch that detect changes in blood pressure?
Baroreceptors
106
What is the effect of a change in heart rate called?
Chronotropy
107
What is the effect of a change in myocardial contractility?
Inotropy
108
Slowing the rate of discharge through the SA node and the AV node are both effects of what?
Acetylcholine
109
Alpha, Beta-1, Beta-2, and dopaminergic are all receptor sites of what system
sympathetic
110
Alpha 1 receptors affect responsible for what tissue type?
Vascular smooth muscle
111
What receptors are responsible for mediating epinephrine?
Alpha-2
112
What receptors are more sensitive to norepinephrine?
Alpha
113
What receptors are more sensitive to epinephrine?
Beta
114
stimulation of which receptor site results in constriction of blood vessels?
Alpha
115
Stimulation of which receptor site would result in increased heart rate, and contractility?
Beta-1
116
Which receptor site stimulation would result in dilation of bronchial smooth muscle and some blood vessel dilation, and an increase in heart rate?
Beta-1
117
Norepinephrine on which receptor site results in increase heart rate, conductivity, and contractility?
Beta-1
118
What effect refers to a change in heart rate?
Chronotropy
119
This effect refers to a change in myocardial contractility (how hard the heart beats)
Inotropic
Basic ECG interpretation
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