Basic fundamentals

Question 1

Put in order the shells and orbitals from biggest to smallest.

Answer 1

• Shells
• Subshells
• Orbital

Question 2

What are the four types of sub shells and how many orbitals and electrons are present in them all?

Answer 2

s= 1 orbitals, 2 electrons.
p= 3 orbitals, 6 electrons.
d= 5 orbitals, 10 electrons.
f= 7 orbitals, 14 electrons.

Question 3

Describe the Aufbau principle.

Answer 3

• Lower energy orbitals are filled before higher energy orbitals.
• Pauli Exclusion principle- orbital two electrons of opposite spin.
• Hund’s rule- how p orbitals are filled.

Question 4

What is the octet rule?

Answer 4

• When bonding occurs, an atom will strive to totally fill its outer shell by electron sharing with the atom it is bonded to.
• When the octet rule is obeyed the molecule is stable.

Question 5

What is an ionic bond and its properties?

Answer 5

• A bond that occurs between oppositely charged atoms.
• Occurs between a metal and non-metal and the electrons from the metal are transferred to the non-metal so the outer shell is full of electrons,
• No overlap of the atoms.
• They have high boiling and melting points.
• Can’t conduct electricity in a solid form but in a molten form.
• Has a crystalline structure and they are polar molecules.

Question 6

What is covalent bonding and its properties?

Answer 6

• Bonding occurs between non-metals, and the molecules share electrons.
• Polar and non-polar covalent bonding can occur.
• Have low boiling and melting points.
• Can not conduct electricity.
• Are liquids and gases at room temperature.
• More soluble in non-polar molecules.

Question 7

What are the properties in giant covalent bonding?

Answer 7

• Have a giant lattice structure.
• Hard solids.
• Have high melting points.
• Are insoluble in polar and non-polar solvents.

Question 8

What is the electron distribution in non-polar covalent bonds?

Answer 8

• The electron distribution will be equal between the atoms and this is because the electronegativity is the same for both atoms.

Question 9

Describe polar covalent bonds.

Answer 9

• Describes as dative as one atom donates the pair of electrons to the other atom.
• Unsymmetrical electron distribution.

Question 10

What is permanent dipole attraction?

Answer 10

• When different charged molecules attract each other and they are polar.

Question 11

What are induced dipole attractions?

Answer 11

• Can also be known as van der Waals.
• Occurs between non-polar molecules.
• Uneven distribution of electrons in an atom.

Question 12

What is electronegativity?

Answer 12

A measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.