What are Mendel’s patterns of inheritance?
- Law of independent segregation
- Law of independent assortment
What is mitosis?
2 identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes; produce 2N cells
What is meiosis?
4 gametes with half the number of chromosomes - parent cells; produce N cells
What is a locus(s)/loci(pi)?
The location of a gene, may have 1 of 2 or more genes (alleles)
Define zygosity (homozygous and heterozygous).
Zygosity - Describes chromosome pairs
Homozygous - Same allele pairs
Heterozygous - Different allele paris
Define cis and trans position.
Cis - When genes end up on the same c’some (CDE)
Trans - Genes are homologous on opposite c’somes
Define amporh.
A “silent” gene, it doesn’t produce any detectable traits (d)
Genotype vs. Phenotype
Geno = A sequence of inheritited DNA Pheno = What the genes produce (detectable traits)
Lag phase (long + short)
Long lag phase = Primary response; IgM
Short lag phase = Secondary/anamnestic response; IgG (High and quick)
What is hapten?
A substance that stimulates an immune response, binds with a carrier complex to react with the antibody.
What is an epitope?
Antigenic determinant, part of antigen that is recognized by the immune system (antibodies)
Fab fragment vs. Fc fragment
Fab - Antigen binding
Fc - Allows antibodies to activate immune system
Characteristics of IgG
- 4 subclasses
- Most concentrated
- predominant in 2ndary response
Characteristics of IgM
- Pentamer (5 basic units)
- Primary response, most effective to activate complement
Characteristics of IgA
- 2 forms, serum + secretory
- Monomer in serum
- Synth’d by plasma, external protection from bugs
Characteristics of IgD
- Monomer
- Mostly on cell membranes (usually B lymphs)
Characteristics of IgE
- AKA “Reagin”
- Lowest conc. in serum
- Most prominent in allergic reactions
What are the 3 complement pathways?
- Classical pathway
- Alternative pathway
- Lectin pathway
Briefly describe the classical pathway.
- Activated most by IgM
- Binding of C1 (qrs) to Fc frag (stabilized by Ca)
- Cascade: C1,4,2,3,5,6,7,8,9
- Note: Cannot be activated w/out Calcium
Briefly describe the alternative pathway.
- Activated by high MW molecules on surfaces of target cells
- No Ag/Ab reaction is required
Briefly describe the lectin pathway.
- Activated by attachment of mannose-binding lectin to microbes.
- Rest of reactions are similar to classical pathway
What are the 3 units in a pathway?
- Recognition
- Ab attaches to Ag-C1q, which attaches to CH2. This then activates r+s - Activation
- Steps until C3 molecules are activated and split - Membrane Attack
- Complex C5b6789 creates a hole and lyses cells
Ag/Ab reactions: Sensitization, prozone and postzone. Define.
Sensitization - 1st stage, when the Ab and Ag come together
Prozone - Too many antibodies
Postzone - Too many antigens
Define affinity and avidity
Affinity - Degree of fit b/w Ag + Ab
Avidity - Strength of the bond b/w Ag + Ab
