approximately how many people in the UK sustain cardiac arrest outside the hospital each year?
30,000 people
what is the percentage of people who suffered an out-of-hospital, bystander witnessed cardiac arrest getting discharged from hospital alive?
15.8%
early CPR vital intervention before arrival of emergency services increases the chances of survival by how much?
double/triple chances of survival
if defibrillation is delivered promptly, the chances of survival can go as high as?
75%
what are the 4 components of the chain of survival? each component aims to do what?
- early recognition and call for help: to prevent cardiac arrest
- early CPR: to buy time
- early defibrillation: to restart the heart
- post-resuscitation care: to restore the quality of life
adult basic life support: chain of action?
1) unresponsive, not breathing normally
2) call 999, ask for ambulance. get AED
3) 30 chest compressions
4) 2 rescue breaths
5) continue 30:2
6) use as soon as AED arrives
what to do if person you are rescuing has diseases/conditions in oral cavity that risk transmission?
use barrier devices to give rescue breaths
how to check response in a person that has collapsed?
- shake shoulders gently
- ask if person is all right
checking response: if person responds, what do you do?
- leave as you found him
- find out what is wrong
- reassess regularly
opening airway:
how to carry out?
what if person has neck injury?
look inside mouth for?
- head tilt, chin lift
- jaw thrust
- look inside mouth for obstruction, if there is solid material remove it CAREFULLY
breathing & circulation:
how to check for normal breathing?
what not to confuse normal breathing with?
which pulse should you be feeling for?
how long should you spend checking for a pulse?
- look, listen & feel
- agonal breathing
- carotid pulse
- no more than 10 seconds
what is agonal breathing?
how to describe it?
recognized as a sign of?
- breathing that occurs shortly after the heart stops in up to 40% of cardiac arrests
- barely, heavy, noisy or gasping breathing
- a sign of cardiac arrest
chest compressions: which part of hand goes on which part of patient’s chest?
- heel of hand
- lower half of patient’s sternum
chest compressions: at what rate and depth should it be carried out? must allow ____?
- 100-120 per min
- 5-6cm
- allow recoil
rescue breaths:
what should be looked out for in the chest if the rescue breaths are carried out correctly?
- the chest should rise, and be allowed to fall before repeating next breath
rescue breaths: recommended volume of air?
tidal volume: 500-600ml
what does AED stand for?
automated external defibrillator
AED procedure?
- switch on device: some automatically switch on when lid is opened
- apply pads to patient’s bare chest
- plug in pad connection
- analyzing rhythm: do not touch patient
- shock advised charging: do not touch patient
- deliver shock: press button with flashing light
AED: no shock advised - what to do?
- press pause if needed
- start CPR
continue CPR until?
- patient breathes normally again: place in recovery position and monitor ABCDE
- emergency services arrive
- health professional tells you to stop
adult choking: difference between severe and mild airway obstruction?
ask patient to cough, if cough is ineffective - severe obstruction. if cough is effective then it is a mild obstruction
severe airway obstruction: what to do if the patient is conscious? or unconscious?
- conscious: 5 back blows, 5 abdominal thrusts
- unconscious: start CPR
mild airway obstruction: what to do?
encourage cough. continue to check for deterioration to ineffective cough, or until the obstruction is relieved
