Basic Pharmacology

Question 1

What are the 4 legal categories of medicines?

Answer 1

• Prescription only medicine: veterinarian (POM-V)
• Prescription only medicine: veterinarian, pharmacist, SQP (POM-VPS)
• Non-food animal: veterinarian, pharmacist, SQP (NFA-VPS)
• Authorised veterinary medicine: general sales list (AVM-GSL)

Question 2

What is POM-V?

Answer 2

Medicine only prescribed by a veterinary surgeon; a clinical assessment and must be under care to receive

Question 3

What is POM-VPS?

Answer 3

Medicine that can given to an animal that is not under care and has not had a clinical assessment

Question 4

What is NFA-VPS?

Answer 4

Anti-parasiticides that can be given to animals not under care and not have had a clinical assessment

Question 5

What is AVM-GSL?

Answer 5

Any medicine supplied by any retailer without restrictions

Question 6

What are the controlled drugs (Schedule 1- 5)?

Answer 6

S1: LSD
S2: Fentanyl, morphine, and ketamine
S3: Buprenorphine, Pentobarbital
S4: Benzodiazepines, anabolic steroids
S5: Preparations containing codeine or morphine in low concentrations

Question 7

What does s.i.d mean?

Answer 7

Once a day

Question 8

What does b.i.d mean?

Answer 8

Twice a day

Question 9

What does t.i.d mean?

Answer 9

Three times a day

Question 10

What does q.i.d mean?

Answer 10

4 time a day

Question 11

What does q4h mean?

Answer 11

Every 4 hours

Question 12

What does e.o.d mean?

Answer 12

Every other day

Question 13

What does prn mean?

Answer 13

As needed as required

Question 14

What does p.c mean?

Answer 14

after food/meal

Question 15

What does a.c mean?

Answer 15

Before meal/food

Question 16

What does o.m mean?

Answer 16

Every morning and night

Question 17

What does o.d mean?

Answer 17

Every day

Question 18

What does stat mean?

Answer 18

Immediately

Question 19

How is pharmacology managed?

Answer 19

• Ordering and controlling stock
• Storage
• Packaging
• Dispensing and disposing

Question 20

What does nomenclature mean?

Answer 20

• Every drug has up to 3 names
• Chemical name
• Generic name
• Brand name

Question 21

What are the 6 categories of drugs?

Answer 21

• Antimicrobial agents
• Antibacterial
• Antifungal
• Antiviral
• Anthelmintics
• Ectoparasiticides

Question 22

What are the 8 types of anti-inflammatory drugs?

Answer 22

• Corticosteroids
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
• Analgesics
• Sedatives
• Diuretics
• Bronchodilators
• Vaccines
• Antieileptics

Question 23

What are the 2 types of cardiovascular drugs?

Answer 23

• Myocardial stimulants
• Anti-dysrhythmics

Question 24

What are the 3 types of vasodilator drugs?

Answer 24

• Arterial dilators
• Vasodilator
• Mixed dilator

Question 25

What is pharmokinetics?

Answer 25

- Movement of drugs through the body

Question 26

What are the enteral routes (GIT) for drug administration?

Answer 26

- Per os - Suppositories (per rectum) - Stomach tubes - Feeding tubes

Question 27

What is parenteral adminsitration?

Answer 27

Besides, beyond or apart from the intestines

Question 28

What are the 8 different parenteral routes?

Answer 28

- Intravenous - Intra-arterial - Intramuscular - Subcutaneous - Intradermal - Intraperitoneal - Topical - Inhalation and nebulisation

Question 29

What is the first pass effect?

Answer 29

Drugs that partially or completely broken down by the liver may be excreted into the bile, going straight back to the GI tract

Question 30

What is pharmocodynamics?

Answer 30

- How drugs affect the body

Question 31

How are orally administered drugs absorbed?

Answer 31

- Travel through GIT with most being absorbed in the small intestine, enters hepatic portal circulation and is directed to the liver - Solid oral preparations must be dissolved in the GIT before absorption - Liquid preparations do not need to be dissolved

Question 32

What is pharmocodynamics?

Answer 32

How drugs affect the body or how the body responds to the drug

Question 33

What are the two ways a drug can elicit an effect?

Answer 33

- Receptor-mediated pharmacodynamic - Non-receptor-mediated pharmacodynamic

Question 34

What is receptor-mediated pharmacodynamics?

Answer 34

- The drug binds to the active site of receptors in the body, which changes the activity of the cell - Some receptors allow the drug in directly, but some require mediators

Question 35

What are the 3 types of receptor site interactions?

Answer 35

- Agonist - Antagonist - Partial agonist

Question 36

What is an agonist?

Answer 36

Drug mimics endogenous ligands and fits into the active site of teh receptor and initiates a response

Question 37

What is an antognist?

Answer 37

- Drug interacts with receptor site and prevents any response, so blocks and depresses the receptor - This is called an inhibitor

Question 38

What is a partial agonist?

Answer 38

A substance that doesn't not exactly fir the active site as well as the endogenous ligand, so only a partial effect is initiated.

Question 39

What is non-receptor-mediated pharmacodynamics?

Answer 39

- Drugs exert their effects via receptors - Antimicrobials, chemical action and physical action

Question 40

What does TD50 mean?

Answer 40

A dose that results in toxicity in 50% of the population

Question 41

What does LD50 mean?

Answer 41

The lethal dose in 50% of the population

Question 42

What does the ED50 mean?

Answer 42

- The effective dose in 50% of the population

Question 43

What is the equation for working out a total dose?

Answer 43

Animals weight x dosage rate / drug concentration