Basic processes and social responsiveness: L4

Question 1

what’s the “starter kit” (3)

William James, 1890

Answer 1

1. reflexes
2. sensory abilities
3. socio-emotional capabilities

Question 2

motor development milestones

12

Answer 2

1. 2m, lifts head
2. 2.5m, rolls
3. 3m, sits propped up
4. 6m, sits no support
5. 6.5m, stands holding
6. 9m, walks holding
7. 10m, stands momentarily
8. 11m, stands alone
9. 12m, walks alone
10. 14m, walks backwards
11. 17m, walks up steps
12. 20m, kicks ball

Question 3

infant reflexes:

• what are they?
• why are we interested?

Answer 3

• inborn, automatic responses to stimulation

- gives a quick indication of neurological status

Question 4

Common newborn reflexes (6)

Answer 4

1. babinski - fans out toes
2. crawling
3. grasping
4. rooting - head turn with mouth open when touched on cheek
5. moro - arched back + arms outstretched when startled
6. stepping

Question 5

infant sensory abilities:

1. sight
   - acuity
   - colour
   - depth

Answer 5

• poor acuity 20/600
• 1 month
• binocular, pictorial depth

Question 6

2. touch
   - sensitive to (2), indicated by
   - Tiffany field shows…

Answer 6

• temperature change
• pain -> physiological indicators (crying, stress hormones)
• benefits of massage for preterm infants, infants of depressed mums, infants with HIV & heroin babies

Question 7

3. sound
   - DeCasper shows…
   - Eimas & Jusyck show… (+age)

Answer 7

• discriminate mum’s voice from female stranger & familiar from novel story read by mum
• preparedness for language - can discriminate sounds of speech in own language from others at 6 months

Question 8

4. taste
   - differences in…
   - reaches adult from by…

Answer 8

• mouth chemistry make sensory experiences different for infants
• early adolescence

Question 9

5. smell
   - Macfarlane shows…
   - Cernoch & porter show…

Answer 9

• breastfed prefer mum’s scent than lactating stranger

- bottle fed prefer scent of lactating females

Question 10

Sensory abilities may…

Answer 10

scaffold the development of some cognitive and social competencies

Question 11

Social development:

• spitz: psychotoxemia or reactive attachment disorder
• vulnerable to…

Answer 11

• 37% infants who were put in an orphanage died within short period & all infant’s development were delayed
• infections, feeding & sleeping problems

Question 12

Early emotions: expression

• what emotions can infants register
• when can infants imitate expressions
• what does this require
• basic emotions though to be…

Answer 12

• anger, fear, joy, disgust, sadness
• 3 days old
• a powerful neurological system that can interpret input
• innate

Question 13

Attachment:

• “strange situations”: 4 types
• depends on… & whats important?

Answer 13

1. secure
2. anxious - resistant
3. anxious - avoidant
4. disorganised (2&3 combined)

-> interaction between child and caregiver, consistent relationship is important

Question 14

Temperament:

- rated on 9 personality dimensions

Answer 14

1. activity level
2. rhythmicity
3. approach/withdrawal
4. adaptability
5. emotional reactivity
6. responsiveness to stimuli
7. mood
8. distractibility
9. attention span

Question 15

Temperament:
- 3 categories & % of infants in each
+ how many unclassifiable

Answer 15

1. easy (40%)
2. difficult (10%)
3. slow to warm up (15%)
   35% unclassifiable

Question 16

Temperament: culture
- similar counties

-> what this says about different cultures

Answer 16

• American + Australia (low emotional reactivity/response to stimuli)
• Greek + Chinese (high emotional reactivity/response to stimuli)

-> value different temperamental activities of infants