Basic Sciences

Question 1

What is a drug?

Answer 1

1. Produces a therapeutic effect
2. Biological system modification
3. Modifies response to physical or chemical stimulus

Question 2

Composition of organic molecules?

Answer 2

1. Carbon skeleton
2. Functional group

Question 3

Composition of inorganic molecules?

Answer 3

1. Non-carbon based structures

Question 4

What are examples of organic molecules?

Answer 4

1. Amines
2. Esters

Question 5

What are examples of inorganic molecules?

Answer 5

1. Salts of lithium & magnesium

Question 6

What is pharmacodynamics?

Answer 6

What the drug does to the body

Question 7

What is pharmacokinetics?

Answer 7

What the body does to the drug

Question 8

Give example of a selective drug and it’s receptor?

Answer 8

Atenolol - Cardioselective for B1 receptors and not for B2 receptors in the lungs

Question 9

Interaction & transportation of drugs within the body is determined by what factors?

Answer 9

1. Drug-related factors
2. Patient related factors

Question 10

What are the drug related factors influencing interaction and transport?

Answer 10

1. Nature of the drug
2. Chemical structure
3. Size
4. Lipid & water solubility
5. Ionisation & charge

Question 11

What are the patient related factors influencing interaction and transport ?

Answer 11

1. Regional blood flow
2. Membrane layer
3. Transport or acceptor molecules
4. Other drugs or hormones

Question 12

What are isomers?

Answer 12

1. Share the same chemical formula
2. Different physical arrangement of atoms

Question 13

What are structural isomers?

Answer 13

1. Identical chemical formula
2. Different spatial organisation

Question 14

What is stress response?

Answer 14

These are metabolic and hormonal changes that occur in response to trauma.

Question 15

What are the results of stress of response ?

Answer 15

• Muscle, substrate metabolism
• Sodium and water retention

Question 16

Hormonal changes during stress response ?

Answer 16

• Pituitary
• Liver
• Pancreas
• Adrenals
• Kidneys

Question 17

Effects of hormonal changes in response to stress?

Answer 17

• Increased renal concentrating ability
• Sodium and water retention - Possible CCF
• Increased corticosteroids and thyroid horm
• Increased catabolism and glucose levels
• Increased catecholamine levels
• Hypercoagulation
• Electrolyte imbalance
• Altered gastrointestinal motility & ileus
• Immune suppression - Infection + Poor heal
• Increased protein metabolism

Question 18

How to reduce stress response?

Answer 18

• Regional anaesthetic
• Analgesia
• Beta blockers
• Nutritional support
• Steroids
• Surgical technique
• Temperature control - Hypothermia