Basidiomyces

Question 1

Hypha

Answer 1

Tiny thread like filaments that grow and branch

Question 2

Mycelium

Answer 2

Entire network/ mass of hyphae
-main fungal body = hidden in substrate
-mushroom is just fruiting body

Question 3

Basidiospores

Answer 3

sex spore produced on club shaped cell call basidium
-spores disperse and start new mycelium

Question 4

Mycorrhiza

Answer 4

partnership between fungus and plant roots
-fungus helps plant absorb water/nutrients in exchange for sugars

Question 5

Ectomycorrhiza

Answer 5

type of mycorrhiza where fungal hyphae wrap around root tips but don’t enter root cells
-common in pine and oak

Question 6

Osmotroph

Answer 6

absorbs nutrients by secreting enzymes outside the cell to digest material = then take in dissolved compounds
-typical fungal feeding strategy

Question 7

Phagotroph

Answer 7

Engulf & digest food particles inside the cell
-rarely fungi? animals and protists

Question 8

Haploid vs Diploid

Answer 8

Haploid: one set chromosomes (n)
=spores/ unfused hyphae
Diploid: 2 set chrom. (2n)
=after nuclei fusion

Question 9

Dikarya

Answer 9

cell contains 2 distinct nuclei before finally fuse
-Ascomycota and Basidiomycota
-clamp connections

Question 10

Plasmogamy

Answer 10

fusion of cytoplasm to 2 compatible hyphae
=nuclei remain sperate

Question 11

Karyogamy

Answer 11

fusion of 2 nuclei = form diploid nucleus
-then undergo meiosis = new haploid spores

Question 12

life cycle map

Answer 12

Haploid → Plasmogamy → Dikaryotic → Karyogamy → Diploid → Meiosis → Haploid spores.

Question 13

Spore production map

Answer 13

Hyphae → form Mycelium → produce Basidia → release Basidiospores

Question 14

3 main subphyla of basidiomycota

Answer 14

1.Agaricomycotina (mushrooms, boletes, polypores, jelly fungi)
2.Pucciniomycotina (rusts)
3.Ustilaginomycotina (smuts)

Question 15

What does it mean if a group is monophyletic

Answer 15

It includes a common ancestor and all its descendants

Question 16

Polyphyletic

Answer 16

a group that doesn’t share immediate common ancestor
-traits evolved multiple times independently

Question 17

Paraphyletic

Answer 17

Group that includes a common ancestor but not all descendants

Question 18

Which fungal orders are especially species-rich and contain many “mushrooms”?

Answer 18

Agaricales (~13,000 species), Boletales (~1,300 species), Russulales (~1,800 species).

Question 19

Gasterioid fungi (examples)

Answer 19

Fungi with stomach like fruiting bodies
Ex: puffballs, earth stars, stinkhorns, false truffles

Question 20

Structure puffballs use to produce basidiospores?

Answer 20

Peridium (outer covering) enclosing the Gleba (spore mass inside)

Question 21

What are polypore’s, how are they recognized

Answer 21

Basidiomycetes with pores on the underside of the fruiting body
-often wood decomposers

Question 22

2 major types of wood rot caused by fungi

Answer 22

White rot (degrades lignin first, leaving cellulose
Brown rot ( leaves behind brown cubical cellulose blocks

Question 23

What is Guttation in fungi?

Answer 23

Exudation of liquid droplets, possibly for defense or offense

Question 24

Rhizomorphs

Answer 24

Root like mycelial structures used for exploration and resource translocation

Question 25

Homobasidia VS Heterobasidia

Answer 25

Homobasidia: single-celled basidia Heterobasidia: basidia with septa (cell divisions)

Question 26

Rust fungi known for

Answer 26

Pucciniomycotina Complex life cycles with up to 5 spore types, involving a principal host and alternate host.

Question 27

Smut fungi

Answer 27

(Ustilaginomycotina) Plant pathogens with a dikaryotic pathogenic stage -many can reproduce as yeast

Question 28

Edible genus of smut fungi

Answer 28

Ustilago maydis (“huitlacoche”) -used in Mexican cuisine

Question 29

Malassezia

Answer 29

A lipophilic basidiomycetous yeast found on human skin; can cause dermatitis when pathogenic

Question 30

What defines a yeast in fungal biology?

Answer 30

a unicellular fungus reproducing by budding (or fission)

Question 31

Teleomorph vs Anamorph states

Answer 31

Teleomorph = sexual (often hyphal) stage Anamorph = asexual (often yeast) stage.

Question 32

What ecological role do many polypores and rhizomorph-producing fungi play in forests

Answer 32

keystone decomposers and pathogens, essential for nutrient cycling

Question 33

In phylogenetics, what is an outgroup?

Answer 33

A taxon used for comparison that is outside the group of interest, helping to infer evolutionary relationships.

Question 34

In polypore morphology, what does context mean?

Answer 34

The flesh of the basidiocarp (between the cap surface and pore layer), important for identification.

Question 35

Thelephorales

Answer 35

fungal order containing species with “teeth” instead of gills -such as Hydnellum peckii

Question 36

Sap rot vs Heart rot

Answer 36

Sap rot attacks living tissue, heart rot attacks dead tissue