Pigs > BB Ch 15 > Flashcards

BB Ch 15 Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. Swine are in the order ___________, which contained the even-toed _______________.
A

Artiodactyla; Ungulates

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2
Q
  1. What is the common weight and age range for research pigs?
A

15-30 Kg at 8-12 weeks of age

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3
Q
  1. The weight gain range of swine is:
A

2-5 Kg/week

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4
Q
  1. Experts suggest that projects with duration of greater than ___________ be carried out with miniature swine due to the rapid weight gain that swine normally have.
A

3 weeks

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5
Q
  1. Name the five common miniature swine breeds used in research.
A
  1. Yucatans, Hanford, Sinclair, Hormel, Gottingen
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6
Q
  1. In the United States, weanling swine are commonly vaccinated against which two diseases?
A
  1. Erysipelas and leptosporosis
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7
Q
  1. Breeding herds should also be vaccinated against all but which of the following diseases:
    a. Porcine parvovirus
    b. Bordetella bronchiseptica
    c. Pasturella multocida
    d. Escherichia coli
    e. Rabies
A

e. Rabies

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8
Q
  1. What is the recommended minimum acclimation period for research swine?
A

72 hours

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9
Q
  1. What nutritional component should be increased in a pig’s diet when it has stress-induced diarrhea?
A

Fiber

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10
Q
  1. The two areas on a pig that are suitable for intramuscular injection are the ____________ and ____________.
A

neck, hindlimbs

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11
Q
  1. Pigs make a genetic model for which of the following heart defects?
    a. High membranous ventricular septal defect
    b. Mitral valve prolapse
    c. Coarctation of the aorta
    d. Transposition of the great vessels
A

a. High membranous ventricular septal defect

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12
Q
  1. Pigs make a genetic model for which of the following coagulopathies:
    a. Hemophilia (lack of Factor 8)
    b. DIC
    c. Thrombocytopenia
    d. Von Willebrand’s disease
A

d. Von Willebrand’s disease

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13
Q
  1. The anatomical and physiological characteristics of porcine skin make it a definitive model for ________________ surgery.
A

plastic

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14
Q
  1. What two characteristics of the swine coronary anatomy make them similar to 90% of the human population?
A
  1. Right-side dominant and no pre-existing collateral circulation
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15
Q
  1. The pig stomach has a muscular outpouching, near the pylorus, called the _________________.
A
  1. Torus pyloricus
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16
Q
  1. The majority of the large intestines are in the spiral colon, which is in the _____________ _________________quadrant of the abdomen.
A

left upper

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17
Q
  1. Which of the following choices represents all of the accessory sex organs of boars?
    a. Prostate, vesicular gland
    b. Ductus deferens, prostate, vesicular gland
    c. Ductus deferens, prostate, vesicular gland, bulbourethral gland
    d. Ductus deferens, prostate, bulbourethral gland
A

c. Ductus deferens, prostate, vesicular gland, bulbourethral gland

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18
Q
  1. Diets for mini and micro breeds have lower ______________ and higher ___________ concentrations compared to the food for farm pigs.
A

energy, fiber

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19
Q
  1. Female milk is low in which element?
A

iron

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20
Q
  1. Piglets may get additional amounts of iron if provided access to what?
A

Feces from the dam

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21
Q
  1. The gestation length in swine is:
A

114-115 days

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22
Q
  1. Piglets need to be kept at the following temperature range (at pig level) for the first 3 to 4 weeks of life to prevent hypothermia:
    a. 70-80ºF
    b. 85-90ºF
    c. 90-95ºF
    d. 95-100ºF
A

b. 85-90ºF

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23
Q
  1. True or false. The eyesight of swine is considered poor.
A

True

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24
Q
  1. The cortical and medullary areas of porcine lymph nodes are ___________, as well as in elephants, rhinos, dolphins, hippos and warthogs.
A

inverted

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25
15. Swine have two different types of Peyer’s patches. One type is located on the ______________ (having both B and T cells) and the other on the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(having B cells almost exclusively).
jejunum, ileum
26
16. By what action does monoclonal antiporcine D3 antibody create in vivo tolerance for xenotransplantation.
16. It induces in vivo immunosuppression
27
17. Porcine bone marrow is more similar to people than rodents in the toxicity response to lethal \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
irradiation
28
18. True or false. Swine have a lymphocyte subset that expresses both CD4 and CD8, a characteristic shared by several other species.
18. False. While swine do have a lymphocyte subset that expresses both CD4 and CD8, this subset is unique to swine and is not seen in other species.
29
19. There is no transplacental transfer of maternal immunity, making the piglets entirely ____________ dependent for immunity during the first 24 to 48 hours of life.
colostrum
30
20. Swine colostrum is rich in which type of immunoglobulin? a. IgA b. IgE c. IgG d. IgM
c. IgG
31
21. What are the main leukocytes found in porcine colostrum?
21. Neutrophils and T cells
32
22. Intestinal closure for the absorption of IgG in colostrum ends when?
24 to 48 hours of life
33
23. Swine lack the gene for IgD, which is a precursor to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
IgM
34
24. SLA stands for __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is equivalent to the major histocompatibility complex.
Swine Leukocyte Antigen
35
25. The gene for the SLA is located on which chromosome?
7
36
26. Antigen-antibody complexes are eliminated through the ________ in pigs. a. Lungs b. Liver c. Spleen d. Kidneys
a. Lungs
37
27. How many blood factors do pigs have?
78
38
28. A researcher can induce an immunodeficiency which removal of which two organs in pigs?
Thymus and spleen
39
29. The hemolytic disease in neonates related to postnatal absorption of maternal antibodies is called\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
29. Erythroblastosis fetalis
40
30. An inherited form of glomerulonephritis is found in which breed of pigs? a. Mini-pig Yucatans b. Gottingen mini-pigs c. Norwegian Yorkshires d. Great Whites
c. Norwegian Yorkshires
41
31. A spontaneous IgA nephropathy has been identified in slaughter pigs from which country?
Japan
42
32. Two infectious causes of arthritis in swine are ____________________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Arthritis induced by these agents has a similar pathogenesis to what human disease?
32. ***Mycoplasma hyorhinis*** and ***Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae*** Rheumatoid arthritis
43
34. True or false. Matching SLA skin grafts typically survive for only 2 days.
34. False. Matching SLA skin grafts typically survive for 7 to 12 days
44
35. True or false. Vascular grafts and liver transplants survive much longer, sometimes indefinitely.
True
45
36. Hyperacute rejection of transplanted organs occurs within minutes to hours. This reaction is mediated by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
complement
46
37. High titers of natural “\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_” target carbohydrate antigens expressed on donor tissue \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
xenoantibodies endothelium
47
38. The cell mediated reaction to transplanted organs typically takes how long (a range)?
3-4 days
48
39. What branch of science shows the most promise in preventing the rejection of xeontransplanted tissues?
Transgenics
49
40. Expression of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, a human complement regulatory protein, has promoted the survival of swine lungs in a pig to primate model of xenotransplantation.
CD59
50
2. There are 3 *Salmonella* spp. which typically cause disease in pigs. Name them.
***Salmonella choleraesuis*** var. ***kunzedorf*** ***S. typhimurium*** ***S. typhisuis***.
51
3. What are some clinical signs of Salmonella septicemia?
_Respiratory_: Cough, dyspnea, pyrexia. _Enteric_: hemorrhagic enterocolitis, anorexia, dehydration, pyrexia. Other diseases: septicemia, meningitis, lymphadenitis, abortion
52
4. What is the source of the 2 main Salmonella spp?
***S. cholerasuis***: other swine and environments contaminated by swine (host-specific). ***S. typhimurium***: swine and other animals (not host specific)
53
Describe the pathogenesis of ***S. cholerasuis***?
1. It invades the mucosa of the ilium and is taken up by macrophages. 2. It produces Shiga- like and cholera-like toxins that are responsible for the microthrombosis and ishemia of vessels in the lamina propria.
54
6. What are a couple of ways of preventing Salmonellosis?
6. Minimize stress, practice good sanitation (chorine, iodine, or phenol disinfectants work well.)
55
7. Are there vaccines for ***S. cholerasuis*** or ***S. typhimurium***?
7. Yes Modified-live attenuated vaccines for S. cholerasuis Bacterins for S. typhimurium.
56
Can Salmonellosis cause complications in research?
Yes, duh, with high morbidity and mortality
57
9. What causes Glasser¹s disease?
9. ***Haemophilus parasuis***
58
10. What are clinical signs and age of presentation of pigs with Glasser¹s disease?
* Pigs are 3 weeks to 4months old * Pyrexia, anorexia, depression, lameness, neurological signs, dyspnea, and death. Long-term sequela may be abortion and chronic arthritis
59
11. What is the pathogenesis of the organism that causes Glasser¹s disease?
11. H. parasuis is normal flora in non-SPF swine and is **opportunistic** with **swine influenza virus**.
60
12. What is the best prevention for Glasser¹s disease?
12. Increase immunity in the herd (bacterins, herd-specific vaccines) and minimize stress.
61
13. How can Glasser¹s disease complicate research?
13. It can confound cardiovascular studies because the chronic form can produce congestive heart failure and fibrinous pericarditis.
62
14. What causes Erysipelas?
***Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae***
63
15. What are the signs of erysipelas?
15. Clinical signs range from no signs to a combination of the following: _classical rhomboid or diamond-shaped urticarial skin lesions_, fever, anorexia, depression, _stiff gait_, abortion, death.
64
16. How do pigs get erysipelas?
* Pigs are the natural reservoir for E. rhusiopathiae. * Contact with infected sheep, turkeys, chickens, ducks, and emus can cause infection in pigs. * The bacterium gains entry into the pig through the oral route (food or water) or skin wounds.
65
17. T or F- Vaccination can prevent the acute and chronic form of erysipelas.
False - _only the acute_
66
18. What research complications can arise from erysipelas?
* Acute form: High morbidity and mortality * Chronic form: proliferative, non-suppurative arthritis and vegetative proliferation on the heart valves (orthopedic and cardiovascular studies)
67
19. What organism causes Streptococcosis in swine?
19. ***Streptococcus suis*** (usually type 2) Lancefield group D
68
20. What are the clinical signs of streptococcosis?
* Age 5-16 weeks most commnonly affected * Manifestations of **meningitis** are most characteristic of S. suis type 2 infections * Pyrexia to 42.5 C usually initial sign, then anorexia, depression, ataxia, paddling, opisthotonus, convulsions, death * Also can cause pneumonia, rhinitis, polyarthritis, stillbirths, abscesses, vaginitis, endocarditis, myocarditis, cyanosis, dyspnea, sudden death
69
21. How does transmission occur for streptococcosis?
21. Transmission is by carriers (other animals, birds, humans) or flies between herds. The sow can infect newborns during birth or suckling.
70
22. The pathogenesis of ***S. suis*** begins with colonization of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, then spread to the cribiform plate, or by septicemia.
palantine tonsils
71
23. How can streptococcosis be prevented?
23. Rederivation or depopulation/repopulation.
72
24. T or F- There are vaccines for S. suis.
24. True - live avirulent strains and cell-wall protein vaccines
73
25. Cardiovascular research can be complicated due to what manifestation of steptococcosis?
25. Endocarditis and myocarditis
74
26. T or F - S. suis is zoonotic.
True
75
27. Pseudorabies is also known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
27. Aujeszky¹s disease
76
28. Pseudorabies virus is in the _________ subfamily of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
28. Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily of the Herpesviridae
77
29. The pseudorabies virus impact these two organ systems:
29. Respiratory and CNS
78
30. T or F - Pseudorabies in animals other than pigs is subclinical.
30. **False.** Most animals other than pigs die as a result of infection
79
31. Once CNS signs appear in pseudorabies infection, death occurs in _______ (Time period)
31. 24-36 hours
80
32. T or F - Close to 100% of pigs develop both respiratory and CNS signs of pseudorabies.
32. False - Mortality is low and most animals develop respiratory signs only.
81
33. Transmission of the pseudorabies virus can occur by (choose all that apply) A) direct contact B) insemination C) transplacental route D) insect bites
33. A, B, and C (insects vectors has not been adequately evaluated)
82
34. T or F - Vaccination can help eradicate pseudorabies from a herd.
34. False - vaccination can only protect against clinical signs and DOES NOT prevent infection.
83
35. T or F - Pseudorabies is a reportable disease
True
84
36. What agents are responsible for atrophic rhinitis (AR)?
* Pasteurella multocida * Bordetella bronchoseptica * Haemophilus parasuis * Other factors include porcine cytomegalovirus, air pollution, and genetics
85
37. At what age do pigs develop NPAR (non-pasteurella AR)?
37. Suckling pigs, generally less than 4 weeks old
86
38. At what age do pigs develop PAR (pasteurella AR)?
38. 1-3 months old.
87
39. How are these organisms of AR spread?
39. Both by direct contact and aerosols.
88
40. T or F - If pigs older than 3-4 months are exposed to AR agents, the lesions are more severe than if they are exposed when younger.
40. False. Pigs older than 9 weeks show almost no lesions when infected with ***B. bronchiseptica***. Pigs older than 3-4 months do develop lesions, but they are mild, when infected with ***P. multocida***.
89
41. The production of lesions in AR is dependent on the bacteria¹s ability to produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
toxins
90
42. Name some methods for preventing AR.
* Maintenance of an SPF herd * Medicated early weaning * Segregated early weaning * The focus should be on eliminating toxigenic P. multocida, since it is the most pathogenic agents of the disease
91
44. How does AR affect research?
44. Toxins produced by severe infections of toxigenic strains will induce liver and kidney lesions, as well as damaging nasal turbinates.
92
45. What are clinical signs of ***Pasteurella multocida*** infection?
45. Dyspnea (called thumping), cough, pyrexia
93
46. T or F - ***P.multocida*** is usually a secondary agent, not the primary cause of disease.
True
94
47. What is the agent responsible for pleuropnemonia (APP) in swine?
47. *Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae*
95
48. What are the clinical signs of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (peracute, acute, and chronic)?
Peracute: sudden death Acute: pyrexia, dyspnea (thumping), depression, anorexia Chronic: cough, decreased rate of weight-gain, pleuritis, abortion, endocarditis, arthritis, abscesses
96
49. Transmission of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Direct contact and aerosol
97
50. Control of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is accomplished by which of the following? A) vaccination B) closed herd C) minimization of stress.
All of the above
98
51. ***Mycoplasma hyorhinis*** cases what clinical signs and what gross lesions?
Clinical signs: dyspnea, lameness/swollen joints, pyrexia, Gross lesions: serofibrinous or fibrinopurulent pleuritis, pericarditis, periotonitis, and arthritis
99
52. T or F - ***M. hyorhinis*** is an opportunistic infection
True - it is the _MOST COMMON_ porcine mycoplasma
100
53. How old are pigs when they develop clinical signs of Mycoplasmal pneumonia?
3-6 months - reduced growth rate, chronic cough
101
What is the etiologic agent of Mycoplasma pneumonia? What are the characteristics of this organism?
* Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae * Mycoplasmas are small (0.2-0.3 mm), lack a cell wall, non-motile, fastidious, gram-negative, facultative anaerobes. They belong to the class Mollicutes and are the smallest free-living cells.
102
55. T or F- ***M. hyopneumoniae*** is the most common case of pneumonia in swine.
True
103
56. What virus causes Inclusion Body Rhinitis (IBR) and what are histologic lesions are pathognomonic?
* Porcine cytomegalovirus * Cytomegaly & basophilic IN inclusion bodies in mucosal epithelium
104
57. T or F - IBR is a very severe disease with many clinical signs.
57. **False**- it is usually subclinical until pigs reach 3-6 months of age at which time they exhibit poor weight gain and exercise-induced cough
105
58. Swine influenza virus belongs to which family of viruses?
Orthomyxoviridae family of RNA viruses It is a type A influenza virus
106
59. What are the clinical signs of swine influenza?
59. Anorexia, labored open-mouth breathing, lethargy, pyrexia.
107
60. T or F - Swine influenza is associated with high morbidity and mortality
60. False - Outbreaks may be explosive with high morbidity, but mortality is usually low (1%)
108
61. Control measures for Swine Influenza include which of the following? A) vaccines B) keeping a closed herd C) preventing contact with infected birds and humans
All of the above
109
Name the two agents responsible for verminous pneumonia in swine.
* ***Metastrongylus*** spp - usually M. elongates apri * ***Ascaris suum***
110
63. T or F - Both ***Metastrongylus*** spp. and ***Ascaris suum*** have a direct life cycle, posing a problem for even indoor facilities.
63. False - Metastrongylus spp need an earthworm as an intermediate host, but Ascaris suum does have a direct life cycle making it a problem in indoor facilities
111
64. T or F - Clinical signs are pathognomonic for verminous pneumonia.
64. False - differentials must include all bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal signs of pneumonia.
112
66. ***Brachyspirus hyodysenteriae*** cases what disease in swine of post-weaning age?
66. Swine dysentery
113
67. Transmission of ***B. hyodysenteriae*** is through\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ contact.
67. Fecal-oral or direct
114
68. T or F - The mechanism of diarrhea caused by ***B. hyodysenteriae*** is similar to that of ***Salmonella***, ***Shigella***, and ***E. coli***.
68. False - B. hyodysenteriae causes colonic malabsorption from failure of colonic epithelial cells to transport sodium and chloride from the lumen to the blood.
115
69. Proliferative enteropathy (PE) has been associated with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Lawsonia intracellularis
116
70. T or F - Proliferative Enteropathy is unique to swine.
70. False- it has been described in many other spp, including hamster, dog, fox, ferret, horse, rat, and rabbit.
117
72. Enteric colibacillosis, caused by ***E.coli*** is the most important diarrheal disease in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_(fill in the age) swine.
72. Newborn to postweaning
118
74. What do these abbreviations stand for when referring to E. coli: ETEC, EPEC, AEEC, EHEC?
74. ETEC= enterotoxigenic E. coli; EPEC= enteropathogenic E. coli; AEEC= attaching and effacing E. coli; EHEC= enterohemorrhagic E. coli
119
75. ***Clostridium perfringins*** type _____ is a normal inhabitant of the GI tract, while ***C. perfringins*** type _____ causes fatal necrotic enteritis.
Type A is normal flora Type C causes fatal nectotizing enteritis in 3-7d old piglets
120
76. Transmission of clostridial enteritis is usually through\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
76. A contaminated sow or use of contaminated equipment
121
77. In a herd of naïve animals, clostridial enteritis can cause \_\_\_\_\_% mortality in pigs born to non-immune sows.
100%
122
78. ***Salmonella*** enterocolitis is usually associated with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and less frequently \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Enterocolitis is usually associated with S. typhimurium, less frequently with S. cholerasuis
123
80. Infected swine can shed Salmonella for _______ (time period) or more.
5 months
124
81. Transmissible gastroenteritis has high mortality in what age of pigs?
piglets less than 2 weeks old
125
82. The TGE virus is closely related to which feline and which canine viruses?
82. feline infectious peritonitis virus and canine coronavirus.
126
83. What is the pathogenesis of TGE virus?
83. The virus replicates in the _villus enterocyes_, which are then sloughed as the villi begin to shrink. There is massive loss of enterocytes from **villus atrophy** and the remaining crypts lack the normal enzyme systems.
127
84. What 2 herd factors can make porcine rotavirus a major cause of morbidity and mortality from acute diarrhea in very young pigs?
1. Piglets are colostrum-deprived 2. The herd is naive Passive maternal immunity protects from severe disease
128
T/F: Rotavirus is endemic in most herds.
True
129
T or F - Passive immunity in piglets is the biggest protecting factor for TGE.
True
130
T/F: Adult pigs may be subclinically infected with TGEV, resulting in periodic viral shedding.
True
131
T or F - ***Balantidium coli*** is a zoonotic disease.
True
132
89. Most infections with B. coli are... A) severe and short in duration B) mild to moderate C) subclinical
C) subclinical B. coli is not considered a primary pathogen
133
Coccidiosis usually affects which animals? A) weanling B) farrowing sows C) neonates with significant morbidity and mortality.
C) neonates with significant morbidity and mortality.
134
What is the primary spp. of coccidia that infect swine?
***Isospora suis***
135
What age-range of piglets are most severely affected with coccidiosis?
1-2 weeks old Isospora suis is considered the **MOST IMPORTANT** protozoal disease of suckling piglets 1-2 weeks old
136
What are the 2 nematodes with significance for pigs in a laboratory animal setting?
95. ***Trichuris suis*** and Strongyloides ransomi
137
96. The swine whipworm, ***Trichuris suis***, colonizes which segment of the GI tract?
96. Small intestine and cecum
138
97. T or F - ***T. suis*** can infect humans and other primates
True
139
After ______ weeks in the environment, eggs of ***T. suis*** are infective for as long as ________ (time period).
3-4 weeks, 6 years
140
For ***T. suis***, prepatency is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. The life span for ***T. suis*** adults is ________ .
PPP = 6-7 weeks Life span = 4-5 months
141
What are the routes of transmission for ***Strongeloides ransomi***?
Vertical: in utero & transcolostral Horizontal: oral & percutaneous
142
Eggs of ***Strongyloides ransomi*** shed in feces hatch within ______ to release larvae that are directly infective within \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Hours, 24 hours
143
102. The rickettsial agent responsible for eperythrozoonosis is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Mycoplasma suis, formerly known as *Eperythrozoon suis*
144
T or F - Mycoplasma suis is host-specific.
True
145
105. T or F - All ages of swine can be clinically affected by the acute form of infection with ***M. suis***.
True
146
106. The chronic form of ***M. suis*** infection may cause disease in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
106. Sows - reproductive problems
147
107. Transmission of ***M. suis*** occurs via\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. What organism is involved in this transmission?
* **Mechanical transmission** - blood sucking lice, re-use of needles or tattoo instruments, or by the oral route when swine lick blood from wounds. * ***Hematopinus suis*** is the blood sucking louse of swine that transmits *M. suis*
148
108. Exudative epidermitis (EE, greasy pig disease) is caused by \_\_\_\_.
108. *Staphyococcus hyicus*
149
Pigs aged _____ are most susceptible to EE.
5 days to 2 months
150
What are the clinical signs of EE?
Exudative dermatitis, exfoliation, crusting of skin, erosions at coronary bands of hooves, oral ulcers
151
Where can S. hyicus be found in carrier swine?
* Nasal cavity * Conjunctiva * Vagina in sows * Prepuce in boars.
152
Transmission of ***S. hyicus*** occurs how?
During parturition, damage to skin from abrasions, wounds, aerosol
153
Swine pox virus is the only member of the genus \_\_\_\_\_\_, which is classified in the family\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Suipoxvirus, Poxviridae
154
Swine pox affects pigs at what age?
Less than 4 months old
155
The swine pox virus may persist in an active form in scabs for up to _____ (time period)
1 year
156
What are the modes of transmission for the swine pox virus?
* The primary method of transmission is by the blood sucking pig louse ***Hematopinus suis***. * Other insects, like flies and mosquitoes can also carry the virus. * Horizontal transmission can occur via nasal and oral secretions coming in contact with abraded skin. * Transplacental infection occurs
157
Name the agent responsible for mange (or scabies) in swine and describe it.
* Sarcopties scabiei var. suis. * The mite is 0.5 mm in length, has 4 pairs of legs, and all stages of the life cycle is within the layers of the epidermis.
158
How long does it take for an Scabies egg to hatch and develop into a mature egg-laying female? 1. 5-10 days 2. 10-25 days 3. 25-35 days 4. 35-60 days
2. 10-25 days
159
What are the clinical signs of the acute form and the chronic form of mange in swine?
Acute form: intense pruritis & dermatitis on the ventral abdomen, fland & rump of younger growing pigs Chronic form: hyperkeratosis with thick, crusty scabs on the pinnae and neck in mature pigs
160
Are mites easier to find in the acute or chronic form of mange in swine?
Mites are easier to find in the chronic form. The acute form involves an allergic hypersensitivity reaction and can be induced by very few mites.
161
The pig louse is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. What diseases does the pig louse transmit?
Haematopinus suis. It is a vector for Mycoplasma suis and Swine pox
162
Which species of Brucella causes systemic infection and clinical disease in swine?
*Brucella suis* Biovars 1, 2, & 3
163
What are the classical signs of Brucella in swine?
Spondylitis & posterior paralysis in piglets Reproductive problems in adults due to abortion, infertility, metritis, orchitis
164
1How is ***B. suis*** transmitted?
* Contaminated discharges from infected swine (fetal membranes, aborted fetuses) being ingested by a susceptible animals. * Nursing on infected sows * Breeding & AI - the organism is present in semen
165
T or F - Antimicrobial therapy is effective in eliminating the ***B. suis*** from swine.
False
166
Which serovar of ***Leptospira interrogans*** is most commonly responsible for disease in swine?
pomona
167
Describe the signs associated with acute and chronic forms of leptospirosis in swine.
_Acute_ - mild anorexia, diarrhea, pyrexia. _Chronic_ - late-term abortions, stillbirths, weak newborn piglets.
168
Porcine parvovirus infection causes _________ when sows and gilts are exposed to the virus during \_\_\_\_\_\_\_(which part of ) gestation.
**Abortion** due to fetal infection and death during the **first 70 days of gestation**
169
The causative agent of Porcine reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is \_\_\_\_\_.
PRRS virus: a ssRNA virus in the order Nidovirales, family Arteriviridae, genus Arterivirus PRRSV is considered one of the major causes of reproductive losses and respiratory disease in swine Other significant Arteriviruses are LDV, SHFV, & EAV
170
There are a few factors that can cause a variation in clinical signs of PRRS. Name a few.
Age of pig, gestation status, complicating infections of bacteria or viruses.
171
Reproductive signs of PRRS include:
**_Late term_** abortions, delayed parturition, premature farrowing, agalactia, delayed return to estrus.
172
Clinical signs of PRRS in newborn piglets include\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Mortality can reach _______ in newborn piglets.
Clincal signs in piglets = dyspnea, tachypnea, periocular and eyelid edema, conjunctivitis, diarrhea, & CNS signs. Mortality can reach 100%.
173
T or F - Vaccination with a modified-live vaccine can protect pigs from clinical disease of PRRS.
True
174
Porcine Stress Syndrome (PSS) occurs in pigs that have a mutation in what gene?
Ryanodine receptor (RYR): a calcium-release channel protein
175
What is the mode of inheritance for PSS?
Autosomal recessive with variable penetrance
176
A syndrome similar to PSS also occurs in which of the following animals? A) dogs B) horses C) humans D) sheep
A) dogs B) horses C) humans
177
* In the laboratory setting, clinical signs of PSS are often associated with\_\_\_\_\_\_. * What clinical signs and clinicial pathologic abnormalities are associated with PSS? * What is the recommended treatment?
* Anesthetic events using HALOTHANE and SUCCINYLCHOLINE, but has also been reported with other inhalants * Clinical signs include tachypnea, tachycardia, muscle rigidity, hyperthermia * Clinpath abnormalities: metabolic acidosis, myoglobinemia, hyperkalemia, hyperglycemia * Treatment: d/c anesthetic gas, DANTROLENE, NaBicarb, cooling
178
Clinical signs of salt poisoning are\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Salt poisoning can occur due to _________ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. What is the classic histologic lesion?
* Thirst, constipation, CNS signs- nose twitching, rhythmic chomping of jaws, appear blind and deaf. * Excessive salt intake or water deprivation for 24 hours or less. * **Perivascular eosinophilic cuffing** of meningeal & cerebral vessels
179
How can gastric ulcers in pigs can be prevented? What is the most common location of the ulcers?
1. Appropriate size feed: **\>700um diameter** 2. No excessive unsaturated fatty acids in feed 3. Proper balance of selenium and vitamin E in feed 4. Reduce stress in environment. Most common location is **PARS OESOPHAGEA**
180
What is the typical presentation and age of swine affected by swine dysentery? Is disease more or less severe in gnotobiotic pigs?
Severe mucohemorrhagic diarrhea in postweaning pigs Disease is less severe in gnobiotic pigs, suggesting that anaerobic normal gut flora contribute to the pathogenesis
181
What conditions are caused by porcine circovirus-2?
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex Granulometous Enteritus Reproductive Failure Acute Pulmonary Edema PCV-2 Associated Neuropathy
182
What kind of virus is PCV-2, and which breed is most susceptible?
non-enveloped RNA Landrace
183
What are the clinical signs of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, and what are hallmark findings on necropsy and/or histopathology?
progressive wt loss, lethargy, jaundice, respiratory dz, diarrhea, lymphadenitis, anemia generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatitis, icterus, edema, nephritis, pneumonia Intracytoplasmic botryoid inclusion bodies in bronchi, renal tubules, macrophages
184
What are the clinical signs of porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, and what are hallmark findings on necropsy and/or histopathology?
ever, lethargy, raised purple lesions on skin (esp rear legs) enlarged spleen w waxy texture and petechiation; vasculitis Multinucleate giant cells in LN Systemic vasculitis is hallmark lesion of PDNS
185
What are the clinical signs of PCV-2 involvement in porcine respiratory disease complex, and what are hallmark findings on necropsy and/or histopathology?
decr growth rate, decr feed efficiency, lethargy, anorexia, fever, cough, dyspnea hallmark lesion = granulomatous bronchointerstitial pneumonia w peribronchial and periobronchiolar fibrosis
186
What are the clinical signs of PCV-2 related reproductive failure, and what are hallmark findings on necropsy and/or histopathology?
mummification or late-term abortion, stillbirths, mummification (often in the same litter), and preweaning mortality; mummification at different gestational ages fetal heart m commonly affected with IN botryoid inclusion bodies in cardiomyocytes
187
What are the clinical signs of PCV-2 related granulomatous enteritis, and what are hallmark findings on necropsy and/or histopathology?
affects 2- to 4-month-old pigs, chronic ileitis with diarrhea, unthriftiness, decreased growth, and increased mortality necrotizing ileitis, colitis - looks like Lawsonia granulomatous enteritis with multinucleated giant cells in Peyer’s patches; cytoplasmic inclusion bodies
188
What are the clinical signs of PCV-2 related acute pulmonary edema, and what are hallmark findings on necropsy and/or histopathology?
rapid respiratory distress + death in nursery and finisher pigs clear fluid in thorax; heavy, edematous lungs interstitial pneumonia, lymphoid depletion
189
What are the clinical signs of PCV-2 associated neuropathy, and what are hallmark findings on necropsy and/or histopathology?
wasting, neurologic deficits acute cerebellar hemorrhage and edema d/t necrotizing vasculitis
190
Salmonella can cause respiratory disease in swine. What serovar is usually responsible, and what age of swine?
Cholerasuis \< 5 months of age
191
Salmonella causes what histopathological findings?
Necrosis of intestines and lymphoid follicles, bronchopneumonia or hemorrhagic pleuropneumonia; paratyphoid nodules in liver
192
Family of virus? Structure?
Circoviridae Non enveloped single stranded DNA
193
Name the agents involved. For bacteria, give genus, species, description. For viruses, give family, genus, structure
Porcine cytomegalovirus: Betaherpesviridae, double stranded enveloped DNA virus Pasteurella multocida: gram-negative coccobacillus, facultative anerobe Bordatella bronchiseptica: Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium Haemophilis parasuis: Gram-negative, pleomorphic, coccobacilli bacteria
194
Causative agent - genus, species, description Ddx?
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: Gram-positive, catalase-negative, rod-shaped, nonspore-forming, nonacid-fast, nonmotile bacterium PCV-2 (PDNS), Actinobacillus suis
195
Causative agent - genus and species description of organism other disease it is involved in
Haemophilus parasuis: gram-negative pleomorphic coccobacilli atrophic rhinitis
196
Causative agent - genus and species description of organism
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae ## Footnote nonmotile, fastidious, gram-negative facultative anaerobes - no cell wall
197
Common names for this condition
Proliferative enteropathy, AKA porcine intestinal adenomatosis, terminal or regional ileitis, intestinal adenoma, and porcine proliferative ileitis.
198
Clinical signs related to this condition
postweaning pigs 6-20w old; subclinical to marked dullness, anorexia, diarrhea, failure to thrive
199
Causative agent - genus and species description
L:awsonia intracellularis obligate intracellular organism
200
Causative agent - family, structure
Coronaviridae Alphacoronavirus 1; pleomorphic enveloped ssRNA virus transmissible gastroenteritis virus
201
Causative agent - genus and species description pathogenesis
Staphylococcus hyicus gram-positive cocci 6 antigenically distinct toxins that target stratum granulosum correlate with clinical dz
202
Differential diagnoses? give name and discription/structure
Brucella suis - serovars 21, 2, 3; nonmotile, non-spore-forming, small gram-negative, aerobic bacillus or coccobacillus. Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona, gram-negative, motile aerobic spirochetes Porcine parvovirus-1; Parvoviridae, single stranded nonenveloped DNA virus Porcine circovirus-2; Circoviridae, nonenveloped single stranded DNA virus Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; Arteriviridae, single stranded RNA enveloped virus
203
Differential diagnoses? give name and discription/structure which are reportable?
foot and mouth disease virus; Picornaviridae, single stranded nonenveloped RNA virus Swine vesicular disease virus; Picornaviridae, single stranded nonenveloped RNA virus Vesicular exanthema of swine virus; Caliciviridae, single stranded nonenveloped RNA virus Vesicular stomatitis virus; Rhabdoviridae, single stranded enveloped RNA virus ALL ARE REPORTABLE
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