1
Q
Describe Giardia.
A
A binucleate flagellate protozoan.
2
Q
- What causes the excystation of the Giardia cyst?
A
The pH change from the stomach (acid) to the duodenum (neutral).
3
Q
- In the dog, what are the intestinal coccidia associated with enteropathy?
A
- Cystoisospora canis, C. ohioensis, C. burrosi, and C. neorivolta.
4
Q
- True or False. Diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration, and lethargy are clinical signs of intestinal coccidia.
A
True, but most infections are subclinical
5
Q
- How is coccidiosis transmitted?
A
By fecal-oral transmission or by indirect contact.
6
Q
- What predisposing factors can cause illness in animals infected with coccidia?
A
Immunodeficiency, malnutrition, or concurrent disease.
7
Q
- What is the most common ascarid of the dog?
A
Toxocara canis
8
Q
- Name another ascarid that infects both dogs and cats.
A
Toxascaris leonina
9
Q
- List the routes of transmission of T. canis.
A
Transplacental transmission (migration), transmammary transmission, (migration), fecal-oral transmission, and indirect transmission from an intermediate host.
10
Q
- List complications of T. canis infection.
A
- Heavy worm burdens can result in intestinal obstruction, intestinal perforation, or intussusception. Lung migrations of larval worms can cause severe lung parenchymal damage and fatal pneumonia.
11
Q
- What is the infective stage of T. canis?
A
3rd stage larva (L3).
12
Q
- What are the 3 possible routes for larval migration after ingestion of infective T. canis eggs?
A
- Liver-lung migration
- Somatic tissue migration
- Intestinal wall migration
13
Q
- What is the most common and pathogenic hookworm of the dog?
A
Ancylostoma caninum.
14
Q
- What are the other hookworms found in dogs in the US?
A
- A. braziliense and Uncinaria stenocephala.
15
Q
- What are the clinical signs associated with A. caninum infestation?
A
- Bloody diarrhea, anemia, lethargy, anorexia, dehydration, vomiting, and poor weight gain.
16
Q
- True or False. Transplacental migration and transmammary migration does not occur with A. caninum.
A
- False. Transplacental migration and transmammary migration does occur with A. caninum.
17
Q
- What is the prepatent period for A. caninum?
A
3 weeks
18
Q
- What is the cause of the severe pathogenicity of A. caninum when compared to other hookworms?
A
It is the direct result of the consumption of blood and body fluids.
19
Q
- In what breed is lymphocytic thyroiditis the major cause of hypothyroidism and appears to be familial?
A
- Beagle
20
Q
- Hypothyroidism causes clinical signs in many organ systems. What metabolic, neurologic, and dermatologic abnormalities are seen with this disease?
A
Metabolic: Obesity, lethargy, cold intolerance, & constipation.
Neurologic: lameness, foot dragging, paresis.
Dermatologic: alopecia, hyperpigmentation, seborrhea, & pyoderma.
21
Q
- What breeds of dogs seem to have an higher incidence of hypothyroidism as compared to other breeds?
A
- Doberman pinschers and golden retrievers.
22
Q
- True or False. The measurement of serum T3 levels is a good indicator of hypothyroidism.
A
- False. The measurement of serum T3 levels is an unreliable indicator of hypothyroidism.
23
Q
- How is hypothyroidism diagnosed?
A
Initiial screen of total T4 in dogs with clinical signs of dz - if total T4 is normal, hypothyroidism is unlikely
Follow up with free T4 + TSH +/- TgAA in suspect cases
Low free T4 +/- high TSH +/- high TgAA may warrant a trial of levothyroxine
Information updated from BB using IDEXX guide
24
Q
- What is the treatment of choice for hypothyroidism?
A
- Sodium levothyroxine (L-thyroxine).
25
93. What is obesity?
93. Body weight 20-25% over the ideal.
26
94. Which breeds of dogs appear to be predisposed to obesity?
94. Labrador retriever, Cairn terrier, dachshunds, basset hounds, golden retrievers and cocker spaniels.
27
99. What solutions are most often recommended for wound lavage?
99. 0.05% chlorhexidine diacetate in water and 1% povidine-iodine in saline.
28
101. In bite wounds, what bacteria presents a concern?
101. Pasteurella multocida
29
103. What factors play a role in the development of decubital ulcers?
103. Poor hygiene, self-trauma, low-protein diet, preexisting tissue damage, muscle wasting, inadequate bedding, and ill-fitting casts or bandages.
30
106. What are hygromas?
106. Fluid filled sacs that develop as a result of repeated trauma over a bony prominence.
31
107. What area is more frequently affected by hygromas? What other areas have hygromas been reported?
107. The area over the olecranon. The tuber calcis, greater tronchanter, and stifle.
32
108. Hygromas (are, are not) true cysts because they (have, lack) an epithelial lining.
108. Hygromas are not true cysts because they lack an epithelial lining.
33
109. How are hygromas managed conservatively?
109. By providing a padded cage surface and/or bandaging the elbow to relieve pressure at the point of the elbow.
34
117. What are the classic signs of septic shock?
117. Decreased body temperature, pale mucous membranes and a prolonged capillary refill time.
35
121. What is eschar?
121. A thick covering over deep burn wounds made of coagulated protein and desiccated tissue fluid.
36
122. List seven drugs that may cause problems when injected perivascularly.
122. Pentobarbital, thiamylal, thiopental, thiacetarsemide, vincristine, vinblastine, and doxorubicin.
37
123. How are perivascular injections treated?
123. Dilution of the drug with subcutaneous injections of saline, steroids infiltrated locally to reduce inflammation, topical application of DMSO.
38
124. What is the result of severe impairment of liver function?
Hepatic encephalopathy: ammonia, toxic amines, aromatic amino acids and short chain fatty acids accumulate in the blood and these compounds have toxic effects that result in a decrease in cerebral energy metabolism and a decrease in excitatory neurotransmitter synthesis.
39
126. What type of cells do lymphomas originate from?
126. Lymphoreticular cells.
40
127. True or False. A viral etiology of lymphomas has been demonstrated in dogs.
False
41
128. __________ and __________ lymphomas account for most cases of canine lymphoma.
128. Multicentric high grade and alimentary lymphomas account for most cases of canine lymphoma.
42
What is the average survival time of dogs after diagnosis of LSA without treatment?
129. 4-6 weeks.
43
130. What paraneoplastic syndrome is frequently associated with lymphoma?
130. Hypercalcemia.
44
131. List 4 tumors of dogs usually classified in the fibrosarcoma group of tumors.
131. Undifferentiated leiomyosarcoma, liposarcomas, malignant melanomas and malignant schwannomas.
45
132. Where are fibrosarcomas most commonly found?
132. In the skin, subcutaneous tissues and oral cavity.
46
133. What are lipomas?
133. Neoplasms of lipocytes and lipoblasts.
47
134. Lipomas are most commonly seen in what dogs with what signalment?
134. Overweight female dogs.
48
135. What are histiocytomas?
135. Benign skin growths that arise from the monocyte-macrophage cells in the skin.
49
137. What are the most commonly observed skin tumor of the dog?
137. Neoplastic proliferations of mast cells.
50
138. True or False. Grade I mass cell tumors have the worse prognosis are well differentiated, while Grade III tumors have the best prognosis intermediately differentiated.
138. False. Grade I mass cell tumors have the best prognosis are well differentiated. Grade II tumors are intermediately differentiated, while Grade III tumors have the worst prognosis and are anaplastic or undifferentiated.
51
139. What type of cells do hemangiosarcomas originate from?
139. Endothelial cells.
52
140. Hemangiosarcomas most commonly arise from what 3 locations?
140. The subcutis, the spleen and right atrium.
53
141. What breed of dog is most commonly affected by hemangiosarcomas?
141. German shepherd
54
143. What are the differential diagnoses for transmissible venereal tumors?
143. Lymphomas, histiocytomas, mast cell tumors and amelantotic melanomas.
55
146. What breed of dog has the highest incidence of thyroid carcinoma?
146. Beagle.
56
147. What is the treatment of choice for thyroid carcinomas?
Surgery
57
148. What is a cataract?
148. The opacification of the lens or lens capsule.
58
149. True or False. The ability to see the fundus during ophthalmoscopy persists with nuclear sclerosis, but is obstructed by a true cataract.
True
59
152. What causes the hyperplasia of the prostate gland in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?
BPH occurs in older intact male dogs because increased production of estrogens, combined with decreased secretion of androgens, sensitizes prostatic androgen receptors to dihydrotestosterone.
60
154. Systemic necrotizing vasculitis is seen in what disease?
154. Juvenile polyartitis syndrome.
61
156. True or False. Interdigital cysts are true cysts.
False - chronic inflammatory lesion
62
What is the most common complication of inestinal access ports?
Catheter infection
63
What are the mediators of septic shock?
cytokines, endotoxins
64
classic radiographic sign of aspiration lung injury
cranioventral lung fields - bronchioalveolar pattern
65
primary etiology of radiation injury
formation of free oxygen radicals
66
most common skin tumor of the dog
mast cell tumor
67
cell origin of mast cell tumors
CD4+ lymphocytes
68
Grades of mast cell tumors
Grade 1
Grade2
Grade 3 - most likely to disseminate to LN
Grade 4
69
CTVT
Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumors
transmitted horizontally by coitus
histiocytic round cell tumor
around genitals, oral mm
spontaneous regresssion in 6-9 months
TX: vincristine weekly 4-6 weeks
Dogs
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