Usask year 3.1 > Bee > Flashcards

Bee Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

What are the parts of the epidemiologic triad?

A

Host, pathogen, environment

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2
Q

What are the major stressors affecting bee health?

A

pathogens, poor queen quality, pesticide exposure, loss of foraging habitat, reduced genetic diversity

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3
Q

What is horizontal transmission

A

Transmission within a colony from close interaction

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4
Q

What behaviours might cause horizontal transmission?

A

Feeding, direct contact, housekeeping duties

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5
Q

What is vertical transmission?

A

Transmission from Queen to progeny

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6
Q

What are natural transmission sources between colonies?

A

drone or worker drift, foraging on same crops, mating with infected drones, swarming, robbing

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7
Q

What is robbing behaviour and when does it usually occur?

A

taking unprotected honey back to a hive, end of summer when nectar is limited

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8
Q

How can robbing be prevented?

A

Removal of dead colonies and destruction of infected equipment

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9
Q

What are anthropogenic sources of disease transmission between colonies?

A

Contaminated fomites and equipment, trade, migratory beekeeping

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10
Q

What are some of the problems with migratory beekeeping?

A

Lack of diet diversity, transport stress, increased disease transmission, exposure to agrochemicals

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11
Q

What portion of Canadian colonies are migratory pollinators?

A

15%

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12
Q

What are the components of individual immunity?

A

cellular immunity through hemocytes, humoral immunity through antimicrobial peptides

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13
Q

What are the components of social immunity?

A

Hygienic behaviour, grooming behaviour, cleaning behaviour, propolis

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14
Q

What is grooming behaviour?

A

The ability to physically remove or injure a parasite from the body surface

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15
Q

What parasites or diseases are treated chemically?

A

Mites, fungi, bacteria

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16
Q

What are the major routes of therapy administration?

A

In feed, external contact in strips, solution, or vapour

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17
Q

What are some of the signs of a healthy queen?

A

Well laid eggs, synchronous age of brood, absence of supersedure cells

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18
Q

What are some of the signs of a healthy colony?

A

One queen, brood is sufficient for equilibrium with dying workers, adequate nutrition stores, two brood boxes

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19
Q

What are the signs of an unhealthy hive?

A

spotty brood, mixed ages of brood on the same frame, few drones, lack of honey and pollen on brood frame corners, multiple eggs in one cell, supercedure, disease signs

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20
Q

Where in the North America can Varroa mites be found?

A

Everywhere in North America except Newfoundland

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21
Q

What do Varroa look like and where are they found?

A

Females are red-brown ovals while males are smaller and lighter, reed between abdominal segments

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22
Q

What happens during the phoretic stage of the Varroa life cycle and during what part of the year are most mites in this stage?

A

Adult female mite is attached to adult bees, during winter when there is little brood

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23
Q

What are the stages of the Varroa reproductive cycle

A

females enter cell just before capping and feed on pupae, lays one male and several female eggs, mites mature and mate, mature females leave the cell when the bee emerges and immatures/male die

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24
Q

When does the male varroa mite develop?

A

5-6 days after capping

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25
How many varroa mites might be found in each worker brood cell?
up to 3 mature daughter mites
26
How many Varroa mites might be found in each drone brood cell?
up to 5 mature daughter mites
27
How long do female varroa mites live and how long does it take for the population to double?
2 months during the summer, double in population every 22 days
28
When are most Varroa in the reproductive stage?
May-september
29
What do Varroa feed on and what abnormalities might occur?
Hemolymph and fat body, damaged cuticle with reduced weight and shorter lifespan
30
What is the behavioural impact of Varroa?
decreased orientation capacity resulting in less foraging efficiency, more lost and drifting bees
31
What is the reproductive impact of Varroa?
decreased sperm quality, decreased body size leading to decreased mating capacity
32
What is the immunological impact of Varroa?
increased susceptibility to disease due to less hemocytes and peptides
33
What is the pathology of Varroa at a colony level?
decreased brood area, production, and strength, and more secondary infections
34
What are the clinical signs of moderate Varroa mite infestation?
decreased population and honey production
35
What are the clinical signs of high Varroa mite infestation?
spotty brood, secondary diseases, markedly decreased population, ultimate collapse and colony death
36
What are the natural sources of Varroa spread?
drifting, swarms, robbing of weak colonies
37
How is Varroa diagnosed?
examination of debris, brood, and adult bees; diagnosed via drop or wash
38
How can Varroa be prevented?
genetic selection for resistance, removing and freezing drone brood, screened bottom boards
39
How can Varroa by treated using synthetic chemicals and what is the most common method?
synthetic medications, Apivar strips are most common
40
What are the organic treatments for Varroa?
Organic acids such as formic acid and oxalic acid, essential oils
41
When should formic acid be used for Varroa treatment?
4 times at 5 day intervals when temperature is 10-25 degrees
42
What might an integrated pest managment plan for Varroa look like seasonally?
Apivar strips in spring, drone brood freezing in summer, formic acid in early fall, oxalic acid in late fall
43
What is the life cycle of tracheal mites?
adult females infect young bees by invading thoracic trachea and laying eggs then leave through spiracle
44
What is the pathogenesis of tracheal mites?
Decreased oxygen from trachea damage, flight muscle damage, decreased hemolymph
45
How are tracheal mites diagnosed?
dissection and microscopy
46
What is the life cycle of the Tropilaelaps mite?
female invades brood cell and lays eggs, young mites mature in brood and emerge with young bee to reinvade brood; only survive in phoretic stage for 3 days
47
What does tropilaelaps feed on?
hemolymph
48
What is nosemosis?
microsporidian gut parasite found in the ventriculus of adult bees
49
How is nosema diagnosed?
crawling and dead bees in front of entrance, slow build up during spring, hemocytometer test for spores
50
What are the signs of heavily Nosema infected colonies?
Fecal staining from dysentery, K-wings
51
How is severe Nosema (>1 million spores per bee) treated?
antibiotic treatment like Fumagillin B
52
How can Nosema be prevented through management?
manage overwintering hives, regularly replacing brood frames
53
What is the life cycle of the small hive beetle?
development is 3-12 weeks; beetle flies into colonies and lay eggs, larvae eat through eggs, pollen and honey before pupating in soil
54
What is the pathogenesis of the small hive beetle?
adult female lays egg masses near wax, larvae feed on honey pollen and larvae, pupate in foil, return to hive
55
How is small hive beetle diagnosed?
presence of parasite, fermented honey from defecated contamination
56
What type of pathogen is American Foulbrood?
gram-positive bacteria that forms endospores
57
What is the LD50 of american foulbrood for larvae?
10 spores for young larvae
58
When does american foulbrood infect bees?
When larvae is newly hatched (day 4-5)
59
How can beekeepers prevent inter-colony transmission of american foulbrood?
No frame swapping, robbing prevention, removal of dead and weak colonies
60
What is the gross pathology of american foulbrood?
shotgun brood pattern, abnormal cell cappings, larval ropiness, larval scale
61
How might capped cells with american foulbrood appear?
Greasy, dark, sunken, or with holes
62
How can you test for american foulbrood?
Ropiness test, if it can be drawn out over 2 cm diagnose
63
What does larval scale look like with american foulbroods?
Brittle scale firmly adhered to ventral lateral cell wall
64
What other signs are there of American Foulbrood?
fish like odour, pupal tongue
65
What are the steps for the final diagnosis of american foulbrood?
Ropiness or scales and isolation of bacteria
66
What chemical can be used to treat american foulbrood?
Oxytet or tylosin in syrup or powder
67
How should a beekeeper deal with AFB infected colonies?
Either burn all infected frames or irradiate all woodenware
68
What type of pathogen is EFB?
non-spore forming bacteria
69
What is the gross pathology of EFB?
yellow or twisted larvae in cell, visible tracheal system, chalky-white midgut, not capped if larvae are killed
70
What are the other signs of EFB?
Sour odour, pseudoropiness, secondary bacterial invasion
71
What is the pathogenesis of EFB?
Contaminated food is fed to larvae which then proliferates in midgut and causes starvation followed by larval death
72
How is EFB diagnosed?
Bacterial culture and low ropiness
73
How can EFB recovery be aided by beekeepers?
adding capped brood, supplemental feeding, requeen, regular brood frame replacement
74
What are the physical and chemical therapies for EFB?
Isolation, shaking, disinfection, burning colonies, Oxytetracycline
75
What stages does deformed wing virus affect?
Infected larvae develop into pupae and adults with deformities
76
What are the clinical signs of deformed wing virus?
Wing deformities, shortened abdomen, decreased lifespan
77
How is deformed wing virus usually transmitted?
Through varroa mites
78
What stages are affected by sacbrood virus and what age is most vulnerable?
Larvae to adults, 2-day old larvae are most vulnerable
79
How is sacbrood virus transmitted?
larvae is killed and removed by worker, viral particle accumulates in hypopharyngeal glands leading to further larval infection
80
What are the clinical signs of sacbrood virus?
scattered uncapped brood, dead larvae in water filled sac with easily removed scale
81
What stages are most affected by black queen virus?
Larvae and pupae, adults are asymptomatic
82
How is black queen virus cell virus transmitted?
Nosema infects midgut
83
What are the clinical signs of black queen cell virus?
capped queen larvae is pale yellow with tough saclike skin, turns black when dead
84
What developmental stage is affected by chronic bee paralysis virus?
Adults
85
What are the symptoms of type 1 chronic bee paralysis virus?
trembling, inability to fly, clustering, bloated abdomen
86
What are the symptoms of type 2 chronic bee paralysis virus?
greasy hairless bees that can fly become flightless, trembling, death
87
How is chronic bee paralysis virus transmitted?
Direct contact or the fecal-oral route
88
What is the vector for the acute bee paralysis virus complex?
varroa mites and food
89
What are the clinical signs of the acute bee paralysis virus complex?
trembling, inability to fly, gradual darkening, loss of hair, death
90
What is common to all viral diseases?
Disease of stress, associated with invading parasites, persist as unapparent infections, co-infection is common
91
What is integrated pest management for all viral diseases?
accurate diagnosis, parasite control, adequate nutrition, good sanitation, cultivating disease resistant strains
92
What type of pathogen is chalk brood?
fungus
93
What is the pathogenesis of chalk brood?
nurse bee picks up spores from honey or pollen and infect larvae during feeding where spores germinate and pupae die
94
How does chalk brood relate to temperature?
Infected brood is chilled leading to larval death, adequate hive temperatures lower disease risk
95
How is chalk brood managed?
adequate nutrition, strong colony maintenance, queen replacement, prevent colony chilling
96
What is the pathogenesis of the wax moth?
mated females lay eggs in wax and larve make feeding tunnels through wax before emergence
97
How can wax moth be treated using IPM?
strong colonies, equipment rotation, temperature treatment, chemical control
98
How do yellowjackets harm colonies?
require protein to raise brood, rob honey and eat unprotected brood
99
How do herbicides and fungicides harm bees?
reduced floral diversity, direct toxicity reduces longevity
100
What are the tiers of pollinator pesticide risk assessment?
LD50, semi-field, field
101
What is colony collapse disorder?
sudden colony death from lack of adult bees in the colony
102
What causes colony collapse disorder
unknown, likely toxicity or combination
103
What ecological considerations should be made when managing disease?
host density and spread, demography turnover, population heterogeneity, immunity, co-infections
104
What evolutionary considerations should be made when managing disease?
Virulence trade offs, transmission distance, genetic diversity, treatment resistance, adaptability
105
What lessons can be taken from eco and evol considerations of disease management?
reduce transmission, improve treatment, use survivor stock, increase genetic diversity, support behavioural resistance, dietary diversity
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