1
Q
How does it work?
A
- reinforcement and stimulus!
- reinforcement increased with social factors (expectancy, prestige, and demand)
2
Q
Attribution Theory
A
changes that a person attributes to his or her own effort are more long-lasting than those attributed to external factors
3
Q
Types of Behavioral Interventions
A
- positive reinforcement
- desensitization
- aversive procedures
- modeling
4
Q
Positive Reinforcement: Operant Conditioning
A
- Skinner
- modify consequences of behavior
- phase contingent: different standards for different behaviors
- parental training programs: modify the dispensers of reinforcement
5
Q
Positive Reinforcement: Verbal Conditioning
A
- reinforcement can influence verbal behavior
- psychotherapy
6
Q
Positive Reinforcement: Token Economies
A
- tokens used so the subject doesn’t become satiated with direct reinforcers
- performance contracts can be used
- dont take away tokens or the value of the reinforcer isn’t as strong
- entitlement comes when tokens are given for no reason
- make punishment separate from tokens
7
Q
Desensitization: Reciprocal inhibition
A
- If a response antagonistic to anxiety can be made to occur in the presence of anxiety-evoking stimuli so that it is accompanied by a complete or partial suppression of the anxiety responses, the bond between these stimuli and the anxiety response will be weakened
- Wolpe, 1958
8
Q
Systematic Desensitization
A
- hierarchically-arranged anxiety-evoking events are paired with relaxation to eliminate the anxiety.
- using reciprocal inhibition
9
Q
Four stages of Desensitization
A
- Relaxation training
- Construction of hierarchy
- Desensitization in Imagination
- In vivo (in life) desensitization
10
Q
Exposure with Response Prevention
A
- based on classical extinction
- best way to treat fear and phobias!
- Client is exposed to anxiety-arousing stimuli for a prolonged period of time and is prohibited from making his/her usual avoidance or other anxiety-reducing response
- Davidson and Parker (2001) showed that “eye movements are unnecessary and EMDR (eye movement desensitization and reprocessing- Elaine Shapiro) be viewed as an imaginal exposure technique.”
11
Q
Implosive Therapy (Flooding)
A
- desensitization without a hierarchy
- only the most anxiety-producing items are used
- ethical?
- based on simple extinction theory (anxiety cant last forever)
12
Q
Aversive Procedures
A
- Punishment- decreases the frequency of a behavior
- Escape or avoidance- reinforces an act, which ends a noxious stimulus
- Lang & Melamed (1969) gave shocks to a 6-month-old infant who was vomiting with no physiological cause. Vomiting stopped completely before the 6th session, and the child developed normally
- Learned helplessness- Martin Seligman and Steve Maier (1967)
- With an unconditioned response
- Dogs in two groups were given shocks. In group A, when the dog pressed a lever, the shock ended. In group B, the lever did nothing
- Later, group A learned to jump over a barrier to stop a shock. Group B dogs did not attempt to escape. They had “learned helplessness”
- Can’t use aversive things like this
- Cautela (1967) paired unwanted thoughts with imagined aversive stimuli (e.g. nausea) This covert sensitization was use for alcoholism and sexual paraphilias (with sexual things it does not work as well- there is a lot of relapse)
- Nausea-inducing drugs are effective for alcoholism, and stale cigarette smoke and rapid smoking are useful for smoking cessation
- Time out- positive reinforcers are blocked when an undesirable behavior occurs
13
Q
Modeling
A
- Based on Bandura’s work
- Learning phenomena resulting from direct experiences can occur on a vicarious basis through observation of other persons’ behavior and its consequences
- Avoidance responses can be eliminated through the use of graduated modeling activities
CBT Midterm
flashcards
Decks in class (8)
# Cards
