Behavioral Science/Ethics

Question 1

Case-Control Study

Answer 1

Control includes any subject WITHOUT disease regardless of exposure

Question 2

Attrition bias

Answer 2

(loss of subjects in the middle of a study) is a form of selection bias

Question 3

Lead-time Bias

Answer 3

Diagnosing a disease earlier so it seems like increased survival

Question 4

Informed Consent Should be Obtained by _________

Answer 4

The person performing the procedure

Question 5

Prenatal care for a minor ________

Answer 5

Does not require consent

-Neither does contraceptives, emergencies, or STDs

Question 6

Hospice requires _______

Answer 6

Prognosis of less than 6 months

Question 7

For Screening Tests: high _________

Answer 7

Sensitivity (to rule out disease)

Question 8

For Confirmatory Tests: high _______

Answer 8

Specificity (to rule in disease)

Question 9

Number needed to treat

Answer 9

Inverse of absolute risk reduction

Question 10

Relative Risk (RR) and Relative Risk Reduction (RRR)

Answer 10

RR = Risk in exposed/ Risk in unexposed
RRR = 1- RR

Question 11

Standard Error

Answer 11

Decreases as sample size increases

Question 12

Constructing Table

Answer 12

• Disease on top (+ - )

- Test on side (+ - )

Question 13

Sensitivity

Answer 13

true +/ all diseased (rule out)

Question 14

Specificity

Answer 14

true - / all normal (rule in)

Question 15

Positive predictive value

Answer 15

PPV = true + / all +

Question 16

Negative predictive value

Answer 16

NPV = true - / all –

Question 17

Confidence interval

Answer 17

Significant if it does not contain 0 (null value)

• 95%: mean +/- 1.96*SD/sqrt(n)
• 99%: mean +/-2.58*SD/sqrt(n)

Question 18

Power = 1-Beta

Answer 18

• Beta corresponds to a type II error (saying that there IS NO difference when one exists)
• Power is the probability of concluding that there IS a difference, when it DOES exist
• Increases with sample size

Question 19

Prevalence with PPV and NPV

Answer 19

PPV changes in the direction of prevalence (increased prevalence means increased PPV, but sensitivity and specificity don’t change)
NPV would decrease

Question 20

Case Control

Answer 20

• The odd of exposure to a certain characteristic is compared between affected/diseased individuals and unaffected (controls)
• Exposure odds ratio

Question 21

Cohort Study

Answer 21

• Individuals with and without exposures are followed over time to determine the disease incidence
• Relative risk
• Prospective or Retrospective

Question 22

Analysis Types

Answer 22

• Test: for 2 groups
• ANOVA (analysis of variance): for more than 2 groups
• Chi-square: comparing categories

Question 23

Number Needed to Harm

Answer 23

1/ attributable risk

Question 24

Relative Risk

Answer 24

(a/a+b)/(c/c+d)

Question 25

Attributable Risk

Answer 25

(a/a+b)-(c/c+d)

Question 26

Odds Ratio

Answer 26

ad/bc OR greater than 1 signifies increases odds/risk/likelihood so If the 95% CI range does not include 1, then the difference is statistically significant

Question 27

Precision and Accuracy

Answer 27

``` Precision = reliability Accuracy = correctness ```

Question 28

Lowering the cutoff point increases _______

Answer 28

Sensitivity

Question 29

ARP Exposed (attributable risk percent in exposed)

Answer 29

100*(RR-1/RR)

Question 30

Matching

Answer 30

A method used in case-control studies to reduce Confounding bias

Question 31

Sensitivity

Answer 31

(a)/(a+c)

Question 32

Specificity

Answer 32

(d)/(b+d)

Question 33

Drug Trial Phases: I-IV

Answer 33

I: safe? II: effective? III: better than current? IV: safe long term?

Question 34

Standard Error of the Mean (SEM)

Answer 34

= standard deviation/ sqrt(sample size)

Question 35

Positive Skew

Answer 35

Mean will be higher than median because longer tail on right

Question 36

Negative Skew

Answer 36

Mean will be lower than median because of longer tail on left

Question 37

Type I error (alpha)

Answer 37

False Positive (telling a man he is pregnant)

Question 38

Type II error (1- beta)

Answer 38

False Negative (telling a very pregnant woman she is not pregnant)

Question 39

If the Confidence Intervals between 2 groups overlaps:

Answer 39

No significant difference exists

Question 40

If the Confidence Intervals between 2 groups does not overlap:

Answer 40

Significant difference exists

Question 41

If the 95% CI for a mean difference includes 0

Answer 41

No significant Difference

Question 42

If the 95% CI for odds ratio or relative risk includes 1

Answer 42

No difference between the compared things

Question 43

Medicare

Answer 43

Elderly and End stage renal disease

Question 44

Medicaid

Answer 44

Low income

Question 45

Minors do not need parental consent if: (3)

Answer 45

Legally emancipated | married, military, or self supporting

Question 46

Situations where parental consent is not needed: (3)

Answer 46

STDs/contraception/prenatal care Addiction Emergency/trauma

Question 47

Exceptions to Confidentiality:

Answer 47

Potential harm to others or to self | Reportable diseases, child or elder abuse, impair automobile drivers

Question 48

Reportable Diseases

Answer 48

STDs, TB, hepatitis, food poisoning | - physician warns public official who notifies people at risk

Question 49

Apgar Score

Answer 49

- Total of 10, at least 7 qualifies as good - assess at 1 min and 5 min Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration

Question 50

Low Birth Weight

Answer 50

less than 2500 g

Question 51

Suicide Rate: increased in ________

Answer 51

white men greater than 85 yrs

Question 52

Death before 1 yr of age

Answer 52

Congenital defect, preterm, or SIDS

Question 53

Cubes Stacked

Answer 53

age* 3

Question 54

Tricycle

Answer 54

3 yrs

Question 55

Hopping on 1 foot

Answer 55

4 yrs

Question 56

Buttons, Zippers, or Grooming Self

Answer 56

5 yrs

Question 57

Drawing (circle, line, or stick figure)

Answer 57

4 yrs

Question 58

Imaginary Friends

Answer 58

4 yrs

Question 59

Cooperative Play

Answer 59

4 yrs

Question 60

Parallel Play

Answer 60

2-3 yrs

Question 61

1000 words/ Complete sentences

Answer 61

3 yrs/4yrs

Question 62

Stranger anxiety vs Separation anxiety

Answer 62

Stranger: 6 mon Separation: 9 mon

Question 63

Pincer Grasp

Answer 63

10 mon

Question 64

200 words/2 words

Answer 64

2 yrs

Question 65

Feeds self w/ fork and spoon

Answer 65

~2 yrs

Question 66

Effect Modification

Answer 66

When the effect of an exposure on an outcome is affected by another variable - NOT a bias

Question 67

ROC curve (receiver operating characteristic)

Answer 67

Sensitivity (true positive) vs 1- Specificity (false positive) - area under curve represents the accuracy of the test (should look like a myoglobin curve)

Question 68

Open Label Trial

Answer 68

Clinical trial in which you know you are getting the drug (not blinded)

Question 69

Case Series

Answer 69

No control in study