Behaviour

Question 1

ethogram

Answer 1

• formal description of species behavioural repertoire

- may list all behaviours or particular functional classes

Question 2

time budget of mountain wild horse

Answer 2

over 50% eating, 20% resting

Question 3

Resting

Answer 3

• leaning against one another
• standing w/ weight on alternating legs
• lying down

Question 4

maintenance behaviour

Answer 4

grooming
comfort
standing alert
elimination

Question 5

Rolling

Answer 5

grooming
play
sign of colic

Question 6

social behaviours

Answer 6

harem social: mare group
herding: stallion grouping mares
harem tending: guarding mares

Question 7

stud pile

Answer 7

bachelor group with excrete in a pile to mark territory/attract mates

Question 8

stallion reproductive behaviour

Answer 8

• tending
• vocalization and flehmen response (sense reproductive state of females based on pheremones)
• rubbing head/chin rest on flanks of mare and extend penis
• copulation

Question 9

mare reproductive sequence

Answer 9

• presents self facing away from stallion, lifting tail, and vocalizing
• psturing her hind legs apart and head facing posterior
• emit small streams of urine and ‘winking’ of vulva
• urine of mares in estrous consists of pheremones for chemical communication

Question 10

agonism

Answer 10

males only, females only, or between both

Question 11

types of agonisms

Answer 11

threat (arched neck or head up/ears back)

• bump/push
• chasing
• kicking and biting
• circling

Question 12

male-male only agonisms

Answer 12

rearing, stomping and striking, boxing and dancing

Question 13

submission

Answer 13

head down, facing away

Question 14

play behaviour

Answer 14

• modified form of serious survival activities, distinguished by the intent
• aides in muscle and cardio fitness, practice survival skills, gaining familiarity with environment
• building social and communication skills

Question 15

types of play

Answer 15

object play, locomotor play, sexual play, play fighting

Question 16

object play

Answer 16

circling around others or objects
pawing-investigative
-pulling, objects or other horses' tails
-resting rear-lie on mare
-kick up, no actual attempt at harm

Question 17

locomotor play

Answer 17

frolic
leap
buck
prance

Question 18

play fighting

Answer 18

• initiated by head threat tossing motion
• head/neck/chest nip, bit or grasping
• neck wrestling
• fore leg nip/bite/grasp
• rump nip or bite
• pushing
• stamping, rearing, hind quarter threat, kicking
• evasive behaviour

Question 19

play sexual behaviour

Answer 19

• common in foals and young adolescents of both sexes, as well as young and bachelor stallions
• pre-copulatory and copulatory behaviour sequences may be out of order or exaggerrated when playing
• elimination marking
• teasing of head, shoulder, flank, tail, genitals, etc of another horse
• mounting