Big Ken Notes

Question 1

How long is the consolidation in humans?

Answer 1

At least 30 minutes.

Question 2

Amnesia.

Answer 2

Refers to a loss of memory that can be complete, partial, permanent or temporary.

Question 3

Who made the Multi Store Model? What is it?

Answer 3

Atkinson - Shiffrin.

Contains sensory, short term and long term memory.

Question 4

Who made the model of working memory? Explain.

Answer 4

Baddeley and Hitch.

Contains phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, central executive and episodic buffer.

Question 5

Who made the levels of processing model? Explain.

Answer 5

Craig and Lockhart.

Contains structural, phonemic and semantic encoding.

Question 6

Short term memory is not affected in simple tasks with age, but is affected with complex tasks.

Answer 6

. .

—

Question 7

What form of memory declines with age? What doesn’t get affected?

Answer 7

Decline in episodic memories.

Procedural and semantic memories are unaffected.

Question 8

Encoding takes longer in elderly people, storage is the same.

Answer 8

:)

Question 9

If you do stuff in old age - :)

If you stay at home - suffer more memory loss :(

Answer 9

.-.

Question 10

What does the Interference Theory suggest?

Answer 10

Suggests that forgetting is a result of material being retrieved becoming confused with other information in the memory.

Question 11

Who first came up with the forgetting curve? How was it plotted?

Answer 11

Ebbinghaus.

Plot data showing the rate and amount of forgetting over time.

Question 12

How much is forgotten in the first 60 minutes and in the first 8 hours.
What is the rate of forgetting in the first 20 minutes and over 60 minutes?

Answer 12

20min - Rapid
60min - 50%
>60min - Less rapid.
8hours - 65%

Question 13

What is the equation for savings score?

Answer 13

(Time for original learning) - (Time for learning)
———————————————– x100
(Time for original learning)

Question 14

What are the four stages in classical conditioning?

Answer 14

1. Pre-conditioning phase.
2. Acquisition phase.
3. Post-conditioning phase.
4. Extinction phase.

Question 15

The process of classical conditioning is influence by what?

Answer 15

1. Nature of the response.
2. Association of the stimuli.
3. Frequency and timing.

Question 16

List some similarities between CC and OC.

Answer 16

• Both involve acquisition (a response is learned).
• Both involve spontaneous recovery.
• Stimulus Generalisation occurs.
• Stimulus discrimination occurs.
• The both involve the association of two events.

Question 17

List some differences between CC and OC.

Answer 17

• In OC, the consequence determines the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated.
• In CC, learner is passive; In OC, learner is active.
• In CC, the stimulus is presented first and the response follows.
• In OC, the reinforcement/punishment follows the response.
• In CC, the two stimuli need to be presented closely.
• In OC, there can be a time delay (especially in humans).
• In CC, the response is an automatic, involuntary reflex response.
• In OC, the response is voluntary.

Question 18

Parental modelling suggests that phobias are learnt vicariously by children observing the phobic responses of their parents.

Answer 18

:/

Question 19

What does the socio-cultural approach to normality suggest?

Answer 19

Suggests that behaviour which is acceptable in one culture may not be in another.

Question 20

What does the functional approach to normality suggest?

Answer 20

Suggest that behaviour is considered as normal if it enables you to function well in day-to-day life; whereas behaviour is considered abnormal if it stops a person from functioning effectively in society.

Question 21

What does the situational approach to normality suggest?

Answer 21

Suggests that a behaviour that is normal in one situation may not be in another (Eg. Should not wear pijamas to work, but can in bed).

Question 22

What does the medical approach to normality suggest?

Answer 22

Suggests that normality can be based on a set of symptoms, if an individual fulfills a set of symptoms for a disorder then they are abnormal.

Question 23

What does the statistical approach to normality suggest?

Answer 23

Suggests that people whose behaviour lies outside the statistical majority will be considered as abnormal.

Question 24

Define mental health.

Answer 24

A psychological state where an individual experiences social and emotional wellbeing, can cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively and contribute to society.

Question 25

Define mental illness.

Answer 25

A psychological dysfunction whereby an individual cannot cope with the stresses of everyday life and they do not experience social and emotional wellbeing.

Question 26

What does the historical approach to normality suggest?

Answer 26

Suggests that historically, some behaviour may have been considered abnormal and perhaps illegal whereas in today's society the behaviour is considered normal (Eg. Homosexuality).