bilinguilasm

Question 1

blingualism

Answer 1

includes all individuals who use more than one language

groups distinguished by proficiency, dominance, age of acquisition, where they live, demands placed on them to use each language

l1 = first (native) language
l2=second language

Question 2

what percentage of the world is bilingual

Answer 2

really hard to know
most current estimates range from 50-70

Question 3

traditional story in psycholinguistics

Answer 3

focused on people’s mother language, not bilinguals

hard to learn a second language in adulthood

l2 fundamentally different and separate from native language

l1 should translate to l2 but not the other way around

Question 4

three discoveries about bilingualism

Answer 4

1. bilinguals are not two monolinguals in one - both languages are active and competing
2. the bilinguals language system is permeable in both directions - critically, the l1 changes in the response to learning and using an l2
3. not all bilinguals are the same. bilinguals differ by virtue of where they live and the demands that are placed on them to use each language

Question 5

parallel activation

Answer 5

both languages are active regardless of the requirement to use one language alone: in reading, listening, or planning speech

Question 6

cognates

Answer 6

words that have similar properties across languages - same form, same meaning

ex. piano in french and eng

evidence for parallel activation

Question 7

homographs

Answer 7

words that share the same form but have different meanings in difference languages

ex. coin in french and english

evidence for parallel activation

Question 8

cognates and homographs as evidence for paralllel activation

Answer 8

bilinguals recognize cognates more quickly but homographs more slowly than language unique words - monolinguals do not show these effects

Question 9

picture naming task

Answer 9

ps shown pictures and name out loud in english

• had spanish eng bilinguals and japanese eng bilinguals

had dif types of pictures

• triple cognates - shared meaning in all three languages - should be fast for everyone
• two cognate
• only overlap in two languages - behaves as non cognates for two groups

found that people were faster for cognates, and slower for non cognates

• means that language not in use modulated time for bilinguals to respond to pictures (remember everyone responded in english)

Question 10

libben and titone?

Answer 10

do bilinguals show effects of parallel activation during reading - if sentence procides a cue to language membership, maybe no effect?

eye tracked people reading sentences
initial stages of comprehension: first fixation duration: length of the 1st time eye fixates on the taget

later stages: total fixation duration: length of all eye fixations

longer fixations = more comprehension difficulty

gave sentences with cognates or a matched control
low contstraint - lots of other options for the word
high constrain - context demands use of the word

in early stages: parallel activation regardless of sentence constraint

late: parallel activation resolved for contexts that provide a high semantic constraint

Question 11

semantic relatedness task

Answer 11

people shown pairs of words and have to indicate if the words are semantically related

Question 12

morford et al

Answer 12

tested asl-english bilinguals to see if they are affected by their knowledge of sign language when completing a semantic relatedness task in english

included pairs that were phonologically related in asl (similar hand gestures)

found that bilinguals to judge english when the asl converges and slower when it conflicts - monolinguals don’t show this effect

Question 13

lexical decision task

Answer 13

ps had to identify english words out of nonsense words on the screen

Question 14

bice and kroll

Answer 14

examined cognate effects in monolinguals and l2 learners of spanish with an english language lexical decision task

tested behavioural responses
- no cognate effect behaviourally

erps (brain) - voltage fluctuations that are time locked to an event
- found a reduced n400 (associated with ease of lexical retrieval) for cognates

Question 15

verbal fluency task

Answer 15

ps given a category and given 30s to name as many words as they can in a category

Question 16

link et al

Answer 16

compared verbal fluency in english and spanish for classroom learners and immersed learners

• found that immersed learners produced more spanish than classroom learners, but less english than classroom learners

Question 17

Dussias and Sagarra

Answer 17

the influence of l2 on l1 is not limited to words - its also about the grammar

found that bilinguals with high l2 exposure parse their native language like their second language

Question 18

gullifer et al

Answer 18

french english blinguals reporting greater linguistic diversity show a higher reliance on contextual cues

exhibit higher connectivity between regions implicated in monitoring such as anterior cingulate cortex and the putamen