1
Q
what is binomial distribution?
A
- distributions that counts the number of successes in a series of independent trials
2
Q
what is probability used for?
A
- used to quantify how likely a set of data was obtained by pure chance
3
Q
what does probability represent?
A
- varying degrees of uncertainty
- how certain we are about the truth of some situation or the cause of outcome
4
Q
what is n?
A
- number of trials
5
Q
what is p?
A
- probability of success
6
Q
state the 4 properties of binomial distribution
A
- a fixed n, the p remains constant, the trial has two possible outcomes (success and failure), trials must be independent
7
Q
what is the simplest possible data science?
A
- statistics of coin tossing
8
Q
what is the probability of getting heads/ tails assumed to be?
A
- 0.5
- 50%
9
Q
what do you do to intuitive statistics?
A
- quantify the statistics using binominal distribution
- calculate the probability of getting k heads in n tosses where the probability of getting heads for each toss is q
10
Q
what is the equation for probability?
A
Bi (k/n, q)
11
Q
what does probability ( A/B ) refer to?
A
- probability of obtaining A on the condition of B
12
Q
what is probability (A/B) considered as?
A
- considered as a function that returns a value between 0 and 1 for given parameters k, n and q
13
Q
what can you do with the equation of probability?
A
- can mathematically derive an equal calculating Bi (k/n, q)
- but there is an intuitive way to understand how such function looks like
14
Q
what can you count?
A
- how many possible combinations of coins you get k heads out of n tosses
15
Q
what can you describe the results of tossing a coin 10 time as? what can you find?
A
- sequence of heads (H) and tails (T)
- among all possible cases, you will sometimes get a sequence that has k= 3 heads
16
Q
how do you work out probability of coin tosses?
A
Bi (k/ n, q) = number of sequences with k- heads/ number of all possible sequences
17
Q
why would you not count number of sequences?
A
- too tedious and time consuming
18
Q
what does a decision tree visualise?
A
- multiple coin toss can be visualised as a connection of branches
19
Q
what happens at each branch of a decision tree
A
- you decide whether to go down, left or right based on a coin toss
20
Q
how is N coin toss visualised?
A
- visualised as a decision tree with n- layers after top node
21
Q
what is Pascal’s triangle decision tree?
A
- simple binominal distributions computed analytically
22
Q
how do you analyse complicated distributions?
A
- need to be looked up in binomial table
23
Q
what happens at each node?
A
- all routes to node from the top have the same number of heads/ tails
24
Q
what do you do as you go down the nodes?
A
- don’t need to count them all
- just write down numbers on each node as you go
25
what is the rule relating to the nodes?
- add two number written on nodes in upper later that are connected to you
26
what is the total number of possible sequences?
- sum of all numbers in the same layer
- number written in each node will be the number of sequences for the corresponding k
27
how do you work out how likely that event happens by chance?
- looking at the binomial distribution for given n and k
28
what does lower probability show?
- higher likelihood of it happening
29
what is cumulative probability?
- probability of getting up to a certain number of successes
30
what happens to cumulative probability when the number of coin tosses becomes high?
- doesn't make much sense of using the probability of getting the exact number of heads
- makes more sense to use the probability that the value falls in a certain range
31
what is a two- tailed probability?
- taking the cumulative probability at both ends to check the probability that a data is deviated from the centre
32
is binominal distribution limited to coin toss?
- no, not limited to q being 0.5
- can be 0 < q< 1
33
what is coin tossing described as? and why?
- discrete
- you can count how many times something happened
34
is binomial distribution discrete?
- it is discrete distribution as distribution is a bunch of numbers located at each count
35
what are discrete events used for?
- used for countable events
36
what are examples of continuous variables?
- height
- weight
- error
37
what distribution do you need when measuring continuous variables ?
- need continuous distribution to describe a distribution of a continuous variable
38
what is the probability of a variable being a specific number in continuous distribution?
- probability is zero
e.g., what is the probability of someone's weight being exactly 60.0000kg
39
what do we need for the probability of continuous variables?
- need it in a certain range like cumulative distribution
e.g., what is the probability that someone weighs 50-60kg
40
what indicates probability on a graph?
- area under the distribution in that range
41
what is probability density?
- Y- axis of continuous distribution is not the probability
42
what number is the area under whole continuous distribution?
- always 1
43
what is normal distribution?
- continuous distribution
- conveniently described by two numbers including the mean and SD
44
what happens as number of tosses increases?
- specific shape becomes clearer
- increased symmetry and normal distribution
45
why is normal distribution important?
- most important distribution as describes many natural phenomena and forms bases for various statistical methods
research methods and data analysis
flashcards
Decks in class (12)
# Cards
-
data analysis and descriptive tendencies61
-
binominal distribution45
-
hypothesis testing30
-
chi-squared and t- test53
-
research methods, questions and integrity59
-
ethical issues33
-
correlation and regression57
-
General linear model and ANOVA55
-
Levels, sample size and power42
-
measures of movement82
-
qualitative approach54
-
qualitative research design and data collection71
