BIO 104 Study Guide

Question 1

To be in the animal kingdom, an organism must fit all of the following criteria: _______.

Answer 1

• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular
• Phagocytic (Heterotrophic)

These criteria define the basic characteristics of animals.

Question 2

How many phyla are there in the animal kingdom?

Answer 2

36

This number reflects the diversity of animal life.

Question 3

What are the three largest animal groups by species count?

Answer 3

• Arthropods: 1,000,000 species
• Mollusca: 100,000 species
• Chordates: 42,500 species

These groups represent the most diverse classifications of animals.

Question 4

Define Metazoa.

Answer 4

A major division of the animal kingdom that comprises all animals other than protozoans and sponges.

Metazoans are multicellular animals with differentiated tissues.

Question 5

Define Eumatzoa.

Answer 5

True animals; a major subkingdom of the animal kingdom that includes all animals with true, differentiated tissues, organized into distinct germ layers.

Eumatzoa represents a more complex level of organization in animals.

Question 6

What are the three types of body cavities in animals?

Answer 6

• Acoelomate: lacks a fluid-filled body cavity
• Pseudocoelomate: ‘false’ body cavity, not fully lined by mesoderm
• Eucoelomate: true coelom fully lined by mesoderm tissue

The coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity important for organ development.

Question 7

Define invertebrate.

Answer 7

Any animal that lacks a backbone or vertebral column.

Invertebrates make up the majority of animal species.

Question 8

Define vertebrate.

Answer 8

An animal that possesses a vertebral column, or backbone.

Vertebrates include mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.

Question 9

What is a Deuterostome?

Answer 9

A group of animals characterized by embryonic development where the blastopore becomes the anus.

This is a key developmental distinction in animal classification.

Question 10

What is a Protostome?

Answer 10

A major group of animals where the mouth forms from the blastopore during gastrulation.

Protostomes include many invertebrate groups.

Question 11

Phylum Porifera is commonly known as _______.

Answer 11

Sponges

This phylum is characterized by its porous body structure.

Question 12

What is the body shape of Phylum Porifera?

Answer 12

Asymmetrical

Sponges are the only phylum without symmetry.

Question 13

What are the major characteristics of sponges?

Answer 13

• Multicellular
• No tissues
• Body composed of spongin and spicules

Sponges filter feed and have a unique body structure.

Question 14

Define ostia.

Answer 14

Pores in the wall of a sponge through which water is drawn in.

Ostia are crucial for the sponge’s filter-feeding mechanism.

Question 15

What is the spongocoel?

Answer 15

The central internal cavity of a sponge’s body.

This cavity plays a key role in water circulation within the sponge.

Question 16

What is an osculum?

Answer 16

A large aperture in a sponge through which water is expelled.

The osculum is essential for the sponge’s waste removal.

Question 17

What are choanocytes?

Answer 17

Flagellated cells with a collar of protoplasm that line the internal chambers of sponges.

Choanocytes are vital for creating water currents in sponges.

Question 18

Phylum Cnidaria includes which animals?

Answer 18

• Jellyfish
• Sea Anemones
• Coral
• Hydra

Cnidarians are known for their stinging cells called cnidoblasts.

Question 19

What is the body symmetry of Cnidarians?

Answer 19

Radial symmetry

This allows for a uniform body shape around a central axis.

Question 20

What are the three tissue types in Cnidarians?

Answer 20

• Ectoderm
• Endoderm
• Mesoderm

Cnidarians are the first animals to exhibit true tissues.

Question 21

What are the two morphological body forms of Cnidarians?

Answer 21

• Polyp: mouth and tentacles face upward
• Medusoid: mouth and tentacles face downward

These forms represent different lifestyles in Cnidarians.

Question 22

What is the gastrovascular cavity?

Answer 22

A primitive digestive system in Cnidarians that consists of a mouth opening into a chamber.

This system is often referred to as a ‘blind gut’.

Question 23

What are nematocysts?

Answer 23

Needle-like stingers that contain venom in Cnidarians.

Nematocysts are used for capturing prey and defense.

Question 24

What is the largest jellyfish species?

Answer 24

Cyanea

This jellyfish can have a diameter of up to 3 meters.

Question 25

What is **bilateral symmetry**?

Answer 25

A body that can only be dissected once to give two equal body regions. ## Footnote This is the most advanced type of symmetry found in animals.

Question 26

Define **acoelomate**.

Answer 26

An animal that lacks a body cavity. ## Footnote Acoelomates include flatworms.

Question 27

Define **pseudocoelomate**.

Answer 27

An animal with a 'false' body cavity not fully lined by mesoderm. ## Footnote Pseudocoelomates include roundworms.

Question 28

What is a **true coelom**?

Answer 28

A body cavity that is completely fluid-tight and surrounded by protective tissue. ## Footnote True coeloms allow for more complex organ systems.

Question 29

What are the **three major classes of flatworms**?

Answer 29

* Free-Living Flatworms * Liver Flukes * Tapeworms ## Footnote Each class has distinct characteristics and lifestyles.

Question 30

What is the **scolex** in tapeworms?

Answer 30

The head that attaches the parasite to the host. ## Footnote The scolex is crucial for the tapeworm's survival inside the host.

Question 31

What is the **gravid** stage in tapeworms?

Answer 31

A mature body segment filled with fertilized eggs. ## Footnote This stage is important for reproduction.

Question 32

What is the **common roundworm** that infects humans?

Answer 32

Ascaris ## Footnote Infection occurs when eggs are ingested from contaminated food.

Question 33

What is the **hookworm** and how is it contracted?

Answer 33

Necator; contracted by walking or playing in contaminated soil. ## Footnote Hookworms can cause significant health issues.

Question 34

What is the **phylum** for segmented worms?

Answer 34

Annelida ## Footnote Annelids are characterized by their segmented bodies.

Question 35

What are the **three major classes of annelids**?

Answer 35

* Hirudinea: Leeches * Oligochaeta: Earthworms * Polychaeta: Marine/Sandworms ## Footnote Each class has unique adaptations and ecological roles.

Question 36

What is the **radula** in mollusks?

Answer 36

A structure of tiny teeth used for scraping food particles. ## Footnote The radula is essential for feeding in many mollusks.

Question 37

What is the **largest class of mollusks**?

Answer 37

Gastropoda ## Footnote This class includes snails and slugs.

Question 38

What is the **function of the mantle** in mollusks?

Answer 38

To form the valve (shell). ## Footnote The mantle is a significant part of molluscan anatomy.

Question 39

What is the **function of the radula** in mollusks?

Answer 39

Scraping food particles off surfaces ## Footnote The radula consists of tiny teeth used for drawing food into the mouth.

Question 40

Name the **four regions** of a mollusk's body.

Answer 40

* Head * Visceral Mass * Foot * Mantle ## Footnote Each region has specific functions related to sensory perception, digestion, locomotion, and valve formation.

Question 41

What is the **largest class** of mollusks?

Answer 41

Class Gastropoda ## Footnote Commonly known as 'Snails and Slugs', they are characterized by their 'stomach foot'.

Question 42

Define **torsion** in gastropods.

Answer 42

A developmental process where the visceral mass rotates 180 degrees ## Footnote This adaptation provides advantages such as protection.

Question 43

What is the **economic importance** of bivalves?

Answer 43

* Major food group * Pearl harvesting * Cultured pearl industry ## Footnote Bivalves like oysters and clams are significant for food and pearl production.

Question 44

What percentage of **North American freshwater mussel species** are found in Alabama?

Answer 44

60% ## Footnote Alabama is home to 180 species of freshwater mussels, with many being endemic and endangered.

Question 45

What does **'ARTHRO'** mean in the context of Phylum Arthropoda?

Answer 45

Relating to joints ## Footnote This phylum is characterized by jointed appendages.

Question 46

List the **major characteristics** of arthropods.

Answer 46

* Joints * Exoskeleton * Protosomes * Bilateral symmetry * Eucoelomates * Metamerism * Body divided into 3 regions ## Footnote These features distinguish arthropods from other animal phyla.

Question 47

What are the **three major regions** of an arthropod's body?

Answer 47

* Head * Thorax * Abdomen ## Footnote Each region has specific functions related to sensory perception, locomotion, and reproduction.

Question 48

What is a **disease vector**?

Answer 48

An organism that transmits a disease-causing pathogen ## Footnote Examples include ticks and mosquitoes, which can spread diseases like Lyme disease and malaria.

Question 49

What is the **oldest living animal** known?

Answer 49

Quahog Clam ## Footnote These clams can live around 220 years.

Question 50

What are the **three subphyla** of Phylum Chordata?

Answer 50

* Urochordata * Cephalochordata * Vertebrata ## Footnote These subphyla include organisms ranging from sea squirts to mammals.

Question 51

What is the **function of the notochord** in chordates?

Answer 51

Becomes the vertebral column ## Footnote The vertebral column is also known as the backbone.

Question 52

What are the **five major classes** of fish?

Answer 52

* Agnatha * Acanthodii * Placodermi * Chondrichthyes * Osteichthyes ## Footnote These classes represent the diversity of fish, from jawless to bony species.

Question 53

What is the **characteristic of Class Chondrichthyes**?

Answer 53

Cartilage endoskeleton ## Footnote This class includes sharks, skates, and rays, known for their lightweight skeletons.

Question 54

What is the **largest fish** known?

Answer 54

Rhincodon typicus (Whale Shark) ## Footnote The whale shark is the largest fish species, reaching significant lengths.

Question 55

What is the **economic impact** of insects on human life?

Answer 55

* Pollinators of food plants * Agricultural pests * Timber pests * Disease transmission ## Footnote Insects can have both positive and negative effects on agriculture and health.

Question 56

What is the **first occurrence of internal fertilization** in vertebrates?

Answer 56

Class Chondrichthyes ## Footnote This class includes sharks, which exhibit internal fertilization through claspers.

Question 57

What are the **two major subclasses** of fish?

Answer 57

* Lobe-fin fishes * Ray-fin fishes ## Footnote Lobe-fin fishes have thick, fleshy fin bases, while ray-fin fishes are the most numerous modern bony fish.

Question 58

What is the **swim bladder** used for in lobe-fin fishes?

Answer 58

Functions as a lung ## Footnote This adaptation allows them to breathe air for short periods.

Question 59

Define **anadromy** in fish migration.

Answer 59

Lives in saltwater but returns to freshwater to breed ## Footnote This migration pattern is common in certain fish species.

Question 60

What are the two types of **body coloration** in fish?

Answer 60

* Cryptic Patterns * Counter shading ## Footnote These patterns help fish blend into their surroundings or provide camouflage.

Question 61

How many species of **freshwater fishes** are found in Alabama?

Answer 61

330+ species ## Footnote Alabama has the highest diversity of freshwater fish species in North America.

Question 62

What are the **three adaptations** amphibians developed to live on land?

Answer 62

* Lungs * Walking legs * Circulation change ## Footnote These adaptations allow amphibians to survive and thrive outside of aquatic environments.

Question 63

What is the **heart structure** of amphibians?

Answer 63

Three chambered heart ## Footnote This structure consists of two atria and one ventricle.

Question 64

What are the **two major orders** of amphibians?

Answer 64

* Order Caudata (Salamanders) * Order Anura (Frogs and Toads) ## Footnote Each order has distinct characteristics and adaptations.

Question 65

What is the defining feature of **Order Caudata**?

Answer 65

Salamanders with distinct head, trunk, and tail regions ## Footnote They can live in aquatic or moist soil environments.

Question 66

What distinguishes **frogs** from **toads**?

Answer 66

* Frogs: Moist, smooth skin, found near water * Toads: Rough, bumpy skin, not necessarily near water ## Footnote This distinction helps in identifying these amphibians.

Question 67

What is the **amniotic egg**?

Answer 67

An egg that protects the embryo from desiccation ## Footnote This adaptation allows reptiles to develop away from water.

Question 68

What are the **three major reptile orders**?

Answer 68

* Order Chelonia (Turtles) * Order Squamata (Lizards and Snakes) * Order Crocodilia (Alligators, etc.) ## Footnote Each order includes various species with unique adaptations.

Question 69

What is a **characteristic** of Order Squamata?

Answer 69

Includes lizards and snakes, with some species being venomous ## Footnote Examples include the Gila Monster and Eastern Coral Snake.

Question 70

What is the **function of feathers** in birds?

Answer 70

* Protection * Insulation * Flight ## Footnote Feathers are essential for various aspects of a bird's survival.

Question 71

What is the **scientific study of birds** called?

Answer 71

Ornithology ## Footnote This field encompasses the study of bird behavior, physiology, and ecology.

Question 72

What is a **major characteristic** of mammals?

Answer 72

* Mammary glands * Hair * Homeothermic * 4 chambered heart ## Footnote These traits distinguish mammals from other vertebrates.

Question 73

What are the **three major mammal groups**?

Answer 73

* Monotremes * Marsupials * Placental Mammals ## Footnote Each group has unique reproductive strategies and characteristics.