1
Q
STR
A
Single tandem repeat. Helps differentiate between people’s DNA.
(TTTTTT vs TTTTTTTTTTTTTT)
2
Q
Homology
A
Similar traits that come from common ancestor
3
Q
Analogy
A
Similar traits that develop separately
4
Q
Proto-oncogene
A
regulate cell growth. gene that if TURNED ON leads to cancer
5
Q
Tumor suppressor genes
A
regulate cell growth, brakes on cell growth that leads to cancer. genes that if TURNED OFF leads to cancer
6
Q
Telomere
A
shortens with each DNA synthesis, causing aging. if telomerase is TURNED ON in non-gonadal cells it leads to cancer
7
Q
Contact Inhibition
A
Cells cease growth if they touch each other. if TURNED OFF causes cancer
8
Q
Anchorage Dependence
A
requires normal cells to attatch to a solid surface tospread and grow, if TURNED OFF causes cancer
9
Q
Chargaff’s Rule
A
Equal # of A & T. Also G & C
10
Q
Law of Segregation
A
each gametes contains only a single allele of any given gene
11
Q
Law of Independent Assortment
A
alleles of different genes should be passed on independent of each other
12
Q
Linked Genes
A
Exceptions to Law of Independent Assortment. Genes close to each other on chromosome often get inherited together
13
Q
Helicase
A
“unzips” 2 strands of DNA by breaking H bonds
14
Q
DNA Polymerase
A
“builder”, replicates DNA molecules to build new strand of DNA
15
Q
Primase
A
“initializer”, makes primers so DNA Polymerase can figure out where to start
16
Q
Ligase
A
“glues” DNA fragments together
17
Q
PCR
A
method used to make a ton of copies of a specific DNA sample
18
Q
qPCR
A
monitors amplification of targeted DNA molecules during PCR. Measures in increases in florescent signals
19
Q
Western Blot
A
detects specific PROTEINS in sample by creating antibodies that bind to the protein and show up on the test
20
Q
Northern Blot
A
study gene expression by detection of RNA in sample. can see if something’s off in patients by unusual amounts of RNA
21
Q
Nondisjunction
A
happens in Anaphase. Chromosomes/chromatids separate unequally
22
Q
incomplete dominance
A
dominant and recessive, but dominant cant take over completely. creates new phenotype (ex: red + white= pink)
23
Q
Codominance
A
2 dominant. both take up dominance. (ex: spotted pink and white flower)
24
Q
Ploidy Number
A
number of copies of chromosomes (2n, 3n, etc.)
25
mRNA splicing and processing
remove introns, splice exons together
26
Codon
3 nucleotides in mRNA, code for amino acid
27
Anticodon
3 nucleotides in tRNA, pair to codon
28
missense mutation
nucleotide replaced, amino acid changes
29
frameshift mutation
nucleotide is either inserted or deleted. Everything after is shifted
30
silent mutation
nucleotide replaced, codes for same amino acid though
31
nonsense mutation
nucleotide replaced, codes to stop
32
What charge is DNA
negative
33
Calorie
amount of energy required to raise temp of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celius
34
Calorie formula
(water mass)(temp change)/(mass of food burned)
35
Carbs
provide energy, some structural
36
Proteins
function and structure
37
lipid
store energy
38
Nucleic acid
build DNA
39
Isotope
same element, different masses
40
Macromolecules
Protein, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids
41
Saturated fat
single-stranded bonds, causes it to stack and be able to be solid at room temperature
42
Unsaturated fat
double-stranded bonds, can't stack because of bend, liquid at room temperature
43
Covalent Bond
sharing electrons
44
Hydrophilic particles
attracted to water. charged, ionic, polar
45
Hydrophobic particles
repelled by water. noncharged, non-polar
46
If an element is on a far side of the elemental table it is more likely to create an...
ionic bond
47
ionic bonds
transfer of electrons (ex: NaCl)
48
Adhesion
water molecules are attracted to other surfaces
49
Cohesion
water molecules are attracted to each other
50
High surface tension
hydrogen bonds are strong enough to hold certain objects with small mass without bonds breaking
51
High standard heat
since hydrogen bonds are harder to break, it takes more energy to change the state of water
52
Enzymes
proteins that catalyze reactions by lowering their activation energy
53
Exergonic reaction
energy releasing
54
Endergonic reaction
energy absorbing
55
Passive Transport
energy-free/ natural movement of molecules. High to low conc. (facilitated, simple)
56
Facilitated Diffusion
diffusion happens naturally if provided a channel to move across
57
Simple Diffusion
only small, nonpolar molecules can cross membrane without help
58
Active Transport
requires energy to move molecules across. Often moves against conc. gradient (not all the time though)
59
Hypotonic environment
environment has less solute. water goes into cell.
60
Hypertonic environment
environment has more solute. water comes out of cell
61
Isotonic environment
environment and cell have same levels of solute
62
Fluid-mosaic model
membranes are fluid, things can move in them and are constantly changing
63
Desmosome Junction
connect cytoskeletons to cell for cell communication
64
Tight Junction
seal in cells for cell communication
65
Gap Junction
channel between cells for cell communication
66
3 stages of Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
67
Cellular Respiration
breaking down stored energy in sugar to make useful energy in form of ATP
68
Glycolysis
breaking down glucose to make Pyruvate (also get NADH and ATP)
69
Citric Acid Cycle
takes carbon chain. Outputs: NADH, ATP, CO2
70
Electron Transport Chain
Uses elections to transport H across conc. gradient
71
Photosynthesis
energy from sun to create glucose
72
light-dependent reactions
make ATP and NADH to power light-dependent reactions. Photosystem II --> Cytochrome B --> Photosystem II --> NADH
73
Light-Independent Reactions
take energy from light-dependent reactions to make sugar. Carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration. Makes 6 G3P (2 makes glucose)
74
Where do homologous chromosomes separate in Meiosis?
Anaphase I
75
Where do sister chromatids separate in Meiosis?
Anaphase II
76
Mitosis
replicates your cells. happens in all cells
77
Meiosis
replicates DNA for reproduction. happens in gonads
78
Prophase
nuclear envelope disappears, spindle fibers form, chromosomes condense
79
Metaphase
centrioles, microtubules attach to chromosomes
80
Anaphase
chromatids separate
81
Telophase
nucleus reforms, spindles disappear, DNA decondenses
82
Cytokinesis
two cells are formed
83
Cell stages
G1, S, G2, M. also G1/G2 checkpoints
84
Divergent Evolution
related species evolve different characteristics due to different environments or pressures
85
Convergent Evolution
unrelated species evolve similar characteristics due to similar environments or pressures
86
Node
common ancestor
87
Clade
grouping that includes a common ancestor and descendants
88
Parsimony
simplest explanation for a phenomenon is most likely to be correct
89
Synapomorphy
shared trait that distinguishes a certain clade from others
90
Monophyletic
single common ancestor and all its descendants
91
Paraphyletic
common ancestor and some descendants
92
G1 Phase
cell just doing its thing
93
S Phase
Synthesis. DNA replication
94
G2 Phase
normal cell stuff, prep for mitosis a little
95
M Phase
Mitosis. cell division
96
G1 checkpoint
checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors, and DNA damage.
97
G0 Phase
If cell doesn't pass G1 checkpoint it goes to this rest phase
98
G2 checkpoint
checks for DNA damage, DNA replication completeness. if fail, apoptosis
99
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
100
M checkpoint
spindle checkpoint. checks for chromosome attachment to spindle during Metaphase
101
No mutation
No new alleles are generated by mutation, nor are any genes duplicated or deleted
102
Random mating
Organisms mate randomly with each other, with no preference for particular groups
103
No gene flow
Neither individuals nor their gametes enter or exit the population
104
Very large population size
Population should be effectively infinite in size
105
No natural selection
All alleles confer equal fitness
106
Genetic drift
Allele frequencies of population change over generations due to chance
107
Bottleneck effect
Size of population is greatly reduced because of natural disaster
108
Founder effect
Genetic drift caused by small group splitting off from main population to find a colony
109
Law of Superposition
rocks on bottom layer are oldest, top-newest
110
Violations of Hardy Weinburg
natural selection, mutations, gene flow, genetic drift, non-random mutation
111
Equations for Hardy Weinburg
pp+2pq+qq=1
p+q=1
112
Pros and Cons of Sexual Reproduction
Pros: more survivors, flexible with mutations
Cons: less offspring, takes more energy
113
Pros and Cons of Asexual Reproduction
Pros: More offspring, takes less energy
Cons: less survivors, copies every single trait
114
Sexual Dimorphism
differences between males and females of a species
115
Bateman's Principle
the sex with the greatest parental investment will be more choosy when determining the mate, other sex is flashy and/or competitive
116
Morphological Species Concept
classify organisms based on physical similarities
117
Phylogenetic Species Concept
classify species based on shared genetic history
118
Biological Species Concept
classify species based on ability to mate and reproduce
119
Ecological Species Concept
classify species based on ecological niche
120
Reproductive Isolationism
Temporal, Habitat, Behavioral, Mechanical, Gametic, Hybrid Inviability, Hybrid Sterility
121
Temporal Isolation
mating/flowering at different times/seasons
122
Habitat Isolation
populations live in different habitats, don't meet
123
Behavioral Isolation
little/no sexual attraction
124
Mechanical Isolation
Genital Structural differences, prevent copulation/pollen transfer
125
Gametic Isolation
gametes fail t unite in fertilization
126
Hybrid Inviability
hybrid zygotes fail to develop/reach maturity
127
Hybrid Sterility
hybrids can't produce functional gametes
128
Allopatric speciation
location differences cause populations to evolve into different species
129
Sympatric speciation
behavioral trait causes difference in species
130
Symplesiomorphy
shared ancestral traits
131
Polyphyletic
share traits but not common ancestor
132
Exponential Growth Rate Equation
N/t=rN
133
Logistical Growth Rate Equation
N/t=rN(K-N)/K
134
Density Dependent Limitations
resources, disease, predation, waste, social behaviors
135
Density Independent
natural disasters, drastic weather changes
136
Environmental Stochasticity
random and unpredictable changes in the environment
137
terminal investment
individuals that encounter survival threat compromised future reproductive potential, they will reproduce earlier
138
K-selected species
How much an environment can hold determines survival
139
r-selected species
How much a species can reproduce determines survival
140
Ultimate Cause of Behavior
evolutionary explanation, focus on selective agents and fitness
141
Proximate Cause of Behavior
mechanistic explanation, focus on how it works on a genetic/physiological explanation
142
Epigenetic
what proteins you DO make
143
Genetic
what proteins you CAN make
144
Environmental
when and how much proteins you make
145
Intraspecific
relationship between animals of same species
146
Interspecific
relationship between animals of different species
147
Constituent Defenses
characteristics that are present with or without predation
148
Inducible Defenses
characteristics that are only present with predation
149
Batesian Mimicry
harmless species mimics deadly/poisonous one
150
Mullerian mimicry
mimicry where both species are harmful
151
152
Symbiotic +/+
Mutualism, Cooperation
153
Symbiotic +/0
commensalism
154
Symbiotic +/-
predation, parasitism, selfishness, altruism (selflessness)
155
Symbiotic -/-
competition
156
Symbiotic -/0
spite
157
Keystone species
species that affect survival of most other species in niche
158
Top-down regulation
higher trophic levels affect lower ones
159
Bottom-up regulation
lower trophic levels affect higher ones
160
Carbon Isotopes
more negative=more leafy green diet
161
Nitrogen Isotopes
higher= more protein in diet
162
Nitrogen Fixation
take atmosphere N2 and "fix" it into NH3. (Lightning, UV radiation, Industrial Chambers)
163
Nitrification
taking Ammonia (NH3/NH4+) and creating Nitrite (NO2/NO3
164
Nitrogen Assimilation
Nitrogen is taken up by organisms, change inorganic to organic
165
Ammonification
return N to soil from organisms, released by bacteria and fungi (decomp)
166
Denitrification
conversion of Nitrate back into atmosphere N2
167
Fluxes of Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen Fixation, Nitrification, Denitrification, Ammonification, Nitrogen Assimilation, Consumption
168
Fluxes of Water Cycle
Evaporation, Condensation, Precipitation, Transpiration, Consumption, Sublimation
169
Fluxes of Carbon Cycle
Photosynthesis, Cellular respiration, Combustion, Consumption, Decomposition, Diffusion
170
Vacuole
store water and eliminate waste
171
Chloroplast
photosynthesis
172
Mitochondria
creates energy
173
Lysosome
degrades and gets rid of waste
174
Rough ER
where proteins are produced
175
Smooth ER
synthesizes lipids
176
Ribosomes
actually make the proteins
177
Golgi Apparatus
ships the products out
178
Nucleus
stores the DNA
179
Cytoskeleton
help make up structure of cells
BYU
flashcards
Decks in class (5)
# Cards
