1
Q
protein hormone
A
a string of amino acids
2
Q
steroid hormone
A
molecule based on cholesterol
organic and hydrophobic, ring structure
3
Q
epinphrine or adrenaline
A
modified amino acid
4
Q
reception
A
detects a signal
5
Q
transduction
A
sends the signal
6
Q
cellular response
A
whatever happens
7
Q
direct cell-cell signaling
A
cells right next to each other (shaking hands)
8
Q
endocrine signaling
A
going through the circularity system to target (telephone)
9
Q
paracrine signaling
A
sending to nearby cells not though the blood stream
10
Q
autocrine signaling
A
sending to itself
11
Q
neuroendocrine signaling
A
cells of the nervous system release the hormone (typically protein or peptide)
12
Q
hypothalamus
A
below the thalamus
12
Q
thalamus
A
relay center for sensory information
13
Q
somatostatin
A
“body blocker” blocks the release of GH also called GHIH
protein hormone! from the hypothalamus
14
Q
somatotropin
A
“body stimulator” another word for GH
15
Q
GHRH
A
paracrine signal
made by neurosecretory cells
16
Q
too much GH leads to what negative feedback
A
signals the AP to stop releasing more GH
17
Q
GH stimulates the liver to produce what hormone
A
IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor)
18
Q
can GH work alone on growth
A
NO it needs to work together with IGF-1
19
Q
IGF-1 stimulates what negative feedback
A
signals the hypothalamus to release somatostatin which forces the AP to stop producing GH
20
Q
GH and IGF-1 also work for
A
normal repairs, maintenance, response to starvation, connections to the immune system
21
Q
Acromegaly
A
“big head” begin tumor on the AP causes the AP cells to divide more and produce too much GH
drug uses a GH antagonist on the receptor in the liver to stop producing IGF-1
22
Q
agonist
A
does the same thing as a biological signal (like a hormone)
23
Q
antagoinst
A
works against, blocks the receptor
24
posterior pituitary gland
controlled by nerves not fenestrated capillaries, sends hormones of ADH (water regulation in the kidneys) and oxytocin (mammary glands/uterine muscles)
25
life cycle of a mosquito
egg --> larvae --> pupa --> adult --> suck blood -->
26
how many days does it take for a female mosquito to convert the blood to eggs
3 days
27
what's the world's most dangerous animal and why
mosquitos because of the transfer of diseases
28
the corpora allata produces what hormone
juvenile hormone
29
what is JH used for
causes a behavioral shift to prepare to be mature, for mating and blood meals
30
what happens to the JH levels after a blood meal
it completely drops
31
what sends a signal to the brain to release an insulin like hormone
(2-5 hours after blood meal) the fatness stretches her stomach after a blood meal
32
what does the insulin like hormone do
acts on the ovaries (where the eggs are) which releases ecdysone (steroid) from the ovaries (1-3 days after blood meal)
33
ecdysone causes what
acts on the fat body (like a liver) turns on egg yolk protein gene in fat body cells
34
3 days after the fat body produces yolk proteins
~100 eggs are laid
35
JH is what
a reset button
36
allatotropin
released from the brain to stimulate CA after eggs to make JH
37
allatostatin
released from the brain to inhibit CA after blood meal to stop making JH
38
how many eukaryotic species have sexual reproduction
99.9% of them
39
recombination!
DNA repair, fix damage in the chromosomes
the scrambling of chromosomes
40
mitosis
normal cell division, identical copies, # of chromosomes stays the same, each cell gets two copies of each chromosome
41
meiosis
production of haploid gametes from diploid germ cells
male gametes --> sperm female gametes --> egg
42
if not a germ cell then what
somatic cell
43
chiasma
the physical point where two non-sister chromatids cross over
44
spermatogonium
male germ cell
45
primary spermatocyte
has started meiosis 1 chromosomes still have not gone to new cells
46
secondary spermatocyte
starting meiosis 2
47
spermatid
finished with meiosis 2
48
spermiogensis
spermatids to sperm
49
sertoli cells
cells that help with the development of sperm
"stuffing"
50
leydig cells
cells that can make testosterone
51
GnRH
stimulates the AP to release FSH and LH
52
LH in men
stimulates the leydig cells to produce testosterone
53
FSH in men
stimulates the sertoli cells to help with sperm cell production
54
testrotrone
promotes the sperm process, negative feedback on both the AP and hypo.
55
inhinbin
negative feedback on the AP
56
trenbolone
an artificial testosterone agonist --> small testis
causes the hypo to not produce GnRH
57
ovaries (gonads)
mitosis of germ cells and where meiosis happens
58
oviduct (fallopian tube)
catches the egg by the fimbriae
59
uterus
uterine wall (muscle) and endometrium (thin surface layer)
60
cervix
"neck" keeps the baby in
61
the menstrual cycle refers to the
endometrium changes (arteries and capillaries)
62
what controls the endometrium thickness
progesterone
high = thick low = thin
63
Day 1-5 of the uterine cycle
menstrual flow
64
Day 5-25 of the uterine cycle
the endometrium repairs and grows thicker, preparing for embryo implantation into the endometrium
65
Day 25-29 of the uterine cycle
“pre-menstrual,” when the blood vessels start to collapse if not pregnant
66
medulla
connective tissue and circulatory system (supportive role)
67
coretx
where the ovarian follicles are stored and mature
68
oogonia
female germ cell
69
primary oocyte
diploid still (mitosis is now blocked)
70
secondary oocyte
haploid after meiosis 1 also produces first polar body (stays until fertilized)
71
ovum
after meiosis 2 also produces second polar bodies, ovum has all of the cytoplasm (important organelles)
72
developing fetuses have how many primary oocytes
5-6 million
after 7 months mitosis has stopped and some start to die. Meiosis I has started.
73
each human female is born with how many primary oocytes
1 million all stuck in meiosis one (prophase)
74
follicle cells are
somatic
75
antral fluid
contains proteins necessary for growth and maturation of oocyte and granulosa cells
76
granulosa cells
follicle cells that make steroid hormones --> form the corpus luteum
77
cumulus cells
a set of follicle cells that will surround the secondary oocyte after ovulation
78
primordial follicles
created in the fetus and contain a primary oocyte stuck in meiosis 1
79
Day 1 ovarian cycle
all primary oocytes are still in prophase 1
80
Day 13 ovarian cycle
1 or 2 oocytes finish meiosis 1, start meiosis 2, but stop at metaphase 2 as secondary oocyte
81
Day 14 ovarian cycle
ovulation of secondary oocyte
82
Day 15-16 ovarian cycle (maybe)
fertilization finishes meiosis 2
embryo then travels and does mitosis in the oviduct
83
Day 20-22 ovarian cycle
the embryo implants into the endometrium (if fertilized)
84
corpus luteum
the tissue that is left in the ovary after an oocyte ovulated
85
corpus luteum IF pregnant
continues to enlarge and secretes progesterone
86
progesterone prevents what
menstruation or a miscarriage if pregnant
87
corpus luteum IF not pregnant
shrinks which causes lower levels of progesterone leading to menstruation to begin again
88
follicular phase
prepares a follicle and oocyte for ovulation
89
luteal phase
involves the CL and determines if menstruation will happen or not
90
how many days does it take for the for the egg to travel and why
7 days from fertilization to implantation so the endometrium has time to thicken and prepare for the egg
91
the loss of progesterone causes what to happen
the endometrium scrunches down on the coiled arteries that block blood flow to the endometrium and causes more cells to die by programmed cell death (apoptosis)
92
evolution of a period, why is it here
protects females from an invasive or nonviable embryo through a period/miscarriage
93
Day 0-13 hormonal control
hypothalamus is NOT inhibited, produces GnRH that stimulates the AP to produce FSH and LH to the follicles, which produces estradiol
94
LOW levels of estradiol in the first 13 days
inhibits the AP so FSH and LH levels are low
95
estradiol
prepares the endometrium to accept the embryo if fertilized, builds up the uterine lining
96
Day 14 hormonal control
the hypothalamus is being stimulated by high levels of estradiol producing more GnRH to the AP producing and spiking LH and FSH which sends the most mature follicle into ovulation still producing estradiol
97
Day 15-28 hormonal control
the hypothalamus is being inhibited by estradiol and progesterone which means less GnRH to the AP producing less FSH and LH sending it to the now corpus luteum which is what produces the estradiol and progesterone
98
why does the corpus luteum degrade if not fertilized
there is no hCG from the embryo to maintain it
99
what takes over for the corpus luteum if there is a pregnancy
the placenta after 6-10 weeks starts producing estradiol and progesterone
100
progestin-estradiol combination pills
progestin is lab made artificial progesterone agonist it stops ovulation by thickening the mucus on the endometrium and inhibits the LH surge
the estradiol gives feedback to the hypo by inhibiting GnRH and stabilizes the endometrium
101
progestin only pills
thickens mucus in the cervix, blocks sperm, and REDUCES ovulation (40% still get it)
SAME TIME EVERYDAY
102
plan b pills
emergency contraceptive not abortion pill
large dose of levonorgestrel which is an agonist of the progesterone receptor provides negative feedback to the hypo (GnRH inhibition) which prevents peak of LH thus ovulation
NEEDS TO BE TAKEN BEFORE OVULATION
103
abortion pill
mifepristone a progesterone antagonist can be used up to 10 weeks after conception
blocks progesterone, w/o progesterone the embryo detaches and the endometrium breaks down causing a large period/miscarriage
104
aromatase
an enzyme that converts testosterone to estrogen
105
hermaphrodite
an organism that has some male and some female reproductive organs
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