bio Flashcards

Question

some bacteria and archea are what

Answer 1

symbotic meaning they live together with another organism just like mutalism

Answer 2

bacteria in humans help digest food

Answer 3

What: Rigid outer layer (made of bacteria). Function: Protects the cell, gives it shape, prevents bursting. Location: Outer most part of the cell the plasma membrane. Memory tip: Like a brick wall protecting a house.

Answer 4

What: Thin, flexible barrier made of phospholipids. Function: Controls what goes in and out of the cell (gatekeeper). Location: Just inside the cell wall. Memory tip: Like the bouncer at a club door.

Answer 5

What: Jelly-like fluid filling the inside of the cell. Function: Holds organelles and molecules, where reactions happen. Location: Everywhere inside the cell membrane. Memory tip: Like the soup broth that everything floats in.

Answer 6

What: Protein filaments Function: Helps shape the cell, helps with division and movement inside. Location: Spread throughout cytoplasm. Memory tip: Like the scaffolding of a building.

Answer 7

What: Small circular DNA pieces (extra, not the main chromosome). Function: Carry bonus genes (like antibiotic resistance). Location: Floating in cytoplasm. Memory tip: Like bonus cheat codes in a video game.

Answer 8

What: Tiny protein-making machines (made of RNA + protein). Function: Build proteins from amino acids. Location: Floating freely in cytoplasm. Memory tip: Like factories making products.

Answer 9

What: The main big DNA molecule (usually circular). Function: Holds instructions for all cell activities. Location: In the nucleoid region (not in a nucleus). Memory tip: Like the instruction manual of the cell.

Answer 10

What: Thin phospholipid barrier around the whole cell. Function: Controls what enters and exits, communicates with environment. Location: Outermost layer (since animal cells don’t have a cell wall). Memory tip: Like the front door + security guard.

Answer 11

What: The control center; holds DNA. The nuclear membrane is a double layer with pores. Function: Stores and protects DNA, lets RNA/proteins move in/out. Location: Usually central in the cell. Memory tip: Like the boss’s office with a guarded door.

Answer 12

What: DNA arranged in linear pieces (not circular like in bacteria). Function: Carry genetic instructions. Location: Inside the nucleus. Memory tip: Like chapters in a book instead of one big loop.

Answer 13

What: Protein-making machines. Can float in cytoplasm or attach to rough ER. Function: Assemble proteins from amino acids. Location: Cytoplasm + rough ER. Memory tip: Tiny factories.

Answer 14

What: Folded membrane network covered in ribosomes. Function: Makes and modifies proteins (especially those to be secreted). Location: Next to nucleus. Memory tip: Like an assembly line with workers (ribosomes).

Answer 15

What: Folded membrane network with no ribosomes. Function: Makes lipids, detoxifies drugs, stores calcium. Location: Next to rough ER. Memory tip: “Smooth” = oily (lipids).

Answer 16

What: Stack of flat sacs. Function: Packages, sorts, and ships proteins and lipids. Location: Near ER. Memory tip: Like the post office of the cell.

Answer 17

What: Double-membrane organelle, has its own DNA. Function: Produces ATP (cell energy) through respiration. Location: Scattered in cytoplasm. Memory tip: The powerhouse ⚡.

Answer 18

What: Small sacs full of enzymes. Function: Break down waste, food, old organelles. Location: Cytoplasm. Memory tip: The recycling/dump truck.

Answer 19

What: Barrel-shaped structures made of microtubules. Function: Help organize microtubules during cell division. Location: Near the nucleus, inside the centrosome. Memory tip: Like the choreographers of cell division.

Answer 20

centrolies and lysomsoes

Answer 21

when one organism lives inside the cells or body of another organism in a close, often mutually beneficial relationship.

Answer 22

One larger prokaryote engulfed (swallowed) smaller ones. Instead of destroying/digesting them, the smaller cells survived inside and helped the bigger cell.

Answer 23

bc they make energy/ATP

Answer 24

bc they make surars/glucose/food source

Answer 25

Binary fission = the way prokaryotic cells (like bacteria) reproduce. One cell → splits into two identical cells. It’s simpler than mitosis (which eukaryotic cells use). mitochondria make copies of themselves by splitting, just like bacteria do.

Answer 26

Each mitochondrion can divide on its own inside the cell. Cells need lots of mitochondria because they’re the “powerhouses” (make ATP). If your cell needs more energy (like in muscle cells), mitochondria reproduce to increase in number.

Answer 27

Structure: Thin, flexible filaments (like thin ropes). Functions: Cytokinesis → At the end of mitosis, actin filaments tighten like a drawstring to split the cell into two. Cell crawling → Help cells move by pushing out the cell membrane (like in white blood cells chasing bacteria). Constantly polymerize & depolymerize (build up & break down) = super dynamic.

Answer 28

Structure: Strong, rope-like filaments. Functions: Maintain cell shape (like rebar in concrete). Anchor the nucleus and other organelles so they don’t drift around. More stable than actin/microtubules.

Answer 29

Microtubules are hollow protein tubes inside cells. They act like scaffolding to give the cell shape. Work like train tracks to move things around inside the cell. Pull apart chromosomes during cell division. Form cilia and flagella to help cells or fluids move. Can quickly grow and shrink so the cell can reorganize when needed. Memory Acronym: "STCM" → Straw Tracks Chromosome Movers S = Shape (like straws/scaffolding) T = Tracks (railroad for transport) C = Chromosomes (pull apart in division) M = Movement (cilia + flagella)

Answer 30

Means they can rapidly assemble or disassemble. This lets cells adapt quickly → e.g., push forward, pull back, capture a chromosome, or reorganize shape.

Answer 31

organizing center for microtubules the ceontroile is inside

Answer 32

small structure inside the centrosome (helps organize microtubules) made from a bundle of microtubles

Answer 33

The centrosome is the actual microtubule-organizing center (MTOC). Microtubules radiate outward from it into the cell.

Answer 34

Centrosome with centrioles = animal cells contormomes without centrioles = plant cells Microtubules themselves = in both

Answer 35

Microtubules as Tracks Work like highways inside the cell. Have polarity: + end = growing end (toward cell edge) – end = anchored near the centrosome (by the nucleus). Vesicles travel on these tracks to places like the membrane, Golgi, or lysosomes. Motor Proteins = Trucks Vesicles need motor proteins to move. Kinesin → walks cargo toward the + end (outward). Dynein → walks cargo toward the – end (inward). Think: vesicle = cargo, motor protein = truck, microtubule = road. Main Purposes Transport proteins and lipids (ER → Golgi → membrane). Recycle cell parts. Deliver signals to the right place in the cell.

Answer 36

How ATP Releases Energy ATP = 3 phosphates. Break off 1 phosphate → ATP → ADP + Pi (free phospahte thats poped off) + energy. The released energy powers cell work (moving vesicles, contracting muscles, making proteins, etc.). Applied to Vesicle Movement Motor proteins (kinesin/dynein) “walk” along microtubules. Each step = 1 ATP used. ATP gives energy → protein changes shape → moves cargo. Leftovers (ADP + Pi) released → grabs a new ATP → repeats. ✅ Shortcut memory line: ATP = cell’s battery. Break a phosphate = energy to do work.

Answer 37

Nucleus = the “city hall” of the cell (controls everything). Nucleolus = the “factory inside city hall” (makes ribosomes). Nucleolus A dense structure inside the nucleus (so it’s “inside the control center”). Not membrane-bound. Main job: make ribosomes

Answer 38

Break down fatty acids → convert them into smaller molecules for energy. Detoxification → enzymes like catalase break down hydrogen peroxide (a toxic byproduct of metabolism) into water and oxygen. Lipid metabolism → help make some lipids needed by the cell. ✅ Quick way to remember: Peroxisomes = cell’s little detox and fat-processing center.

Answer 39

Think of it as the “interior” or “hollow part” inside a tube, sac, or organelle. Common examples: Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) lumen → inside the ER where proteins are folded. Golgi lumen → inside the Golgi apparatus where proteins and lipids are modified and sorted. Vesicle lumen → interior of transport vesicles carrying cargo. The lumen is separated from the cytoplasm by the organelle’s membrane, so reactions there can happen in a controlled environment. ✅ Quick way to remember: Lumen = the “inside space” of an organelle, like the hollow part of a straw.

Answer 40

Vesicles Small, membrane-bound sacs inside cells. Act like transport containers, carrying materials from one part of the cell to another. Key Functions Transport → move proteins, lipids, and other molecules between organelles (e.g., from ER → Golgi → cell membrane). Secretion → release substances outside the cell (exocytosis). Storage → temporarily hold molecules or waste products. Endocytosis → bring substances into the cell. Types of Vesicles Transport vesicles → carry materials between organelles. Secretory vesicles → carry molecules to the cell surface to be released. Endocytic vesicles → bring materials from outside into the cell. Lysosomes (special vesicles) → contain digestive enzymes to break down waste.

Answer 41

A scientific theory is a well-supported, evidence-based explanation for phenomena in the natural world, while the common usage of "theory" refers to a guess, hunch, or speculation with little or no supporting evidence

Answer 42

hypothese is something testable and a theroy somethimg backed with evdince and experiemnts

Answer 43

Prokaryotic Roots: Pro- = “before” Karyon = “nucleus” (Greek for “nut” or “kernel”) Meaning: “Before a nucleus” → cells without a true nucleus. Example: Bacteria and Archaea. Their DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm instead of being enclosed in a nuclear membrane. Eukaryotic Roots: Eu- = “true” or “good” Karyon = “nucleus” Meaning: “True nucleus” → cells with a membrane-bound nucleus. Example: Animals, plants, fungi, and protists. Their DNA is enclosed inside a nucleus.

Answer 44

DNA is twisted tighter than normal. DNA is a long molecule and needs to fit inside a tiny cell or nucleus.

Answer 45

eukaetyiuc is liner prokatyic is circualr

Answer 46

Nucleus Prokaryotic cells: No nucleus — DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic cells: Have a nucleus — DNA is enclosed inside a nuclear membrane. 2. Organelles Prokaryotic cells: Lack membrane-bound organelles (no mitochondria, ER, Golgi, etc.). Eukaryotic cells: Have membrane-bound organelles, like mitochondria, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and more. Quick bonus ways to tell them apart: Size: Prokaryotic cells are smaller (1–10 μm); eukaryotic cells are larger (10–100 μm). Complexity: Eukaryotic cells are structurally more complex; prokaryotes are simpler.

Answer 47

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) How it works: Electrons pass through a very thin sample. What it shows: Internal structures of cells (organelles, membranes, etc.) in great detail. Resulting image: 2D black-and-white image High resolution → can see inside cells at a molecular level Example: Seeing the structure of mitochondria or ribosomes inside a cell. 2. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) How it works: Electrons bounce off the surface of a sample. What it shows: The 3D surface shape of the sample. Resulting image: 3D-looking black-and-white image Shows textures and contours of the surface Example: Seeing the shape of a pollen grain, bacteria, or the surface of a leaf. Quick Memory Trick: TEM → Through → inside → 2D inside details SEM → Surface → outside → 3D surface details

Answer 48

Microtubules Structure: Hollow tubes made of tubulin proteins → rigid but slightly flexible. Function link: Their hollow, tube-like shape makes them strong enough to resist compression, form the mitotic spindle, and act as tracks for motor proteins to move organelles and vesicles. 2. Microfilaments (Actin Filaments) Structure: Thin, solid fibers made of actin → flexible and dynamic. Function link: Their thin, flexible nature allows them to push or pull the plasma membrane, enabling cell shape changes, crawling, and cytokinesis. 3. Intermediate Filaments Structure: Rope-like fibers made of strong fibrous proteins (like keratin). Function link: Their rope-like, tough structure provides mechanical strength, anchors organelles, and helps cells resist tension.

Answer 49

Vesicle Movement Along Microtubules Microtubules act as “tracks” inside the cell. Motor proteins carry vesicles along these tracks. The two main motor proteins are: Kinesin: Moves vesicles away from the nucleus toward the cell periphery. Dynein: Moves vesicles toward the nucleus. How it works: The motor protein “grabs” the vesicle. It “walks” along the microtubule using ATP for energy. This moves the vesicle to its destination (like the plasma membrane or Golgi apparatus). 💡 Memory trick: Microtubule = highway Motor protein = truck ATP = fuel

Answer 50

Kinesin What it does: Kinesin is a motor protein that carries vesicles, organelles, and other cargo along microtubules. Specifically, it usually moves cargo away from the nucleus toward the cell’s periphery (the “plus end” of the microtubule). Why it needs ATP: Kinesin “walks” along microtubules using energy from ATP. Each “step” requires ATP hydrolysis, which releases energy that powers the movement. Without ATP, kinesin cannot move vesicles, and intracellular transport would stop.

Answer 51

Theory: Endosymbiotic theory What it says: Mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from free-living prokaryotic cells (bacteria) that were engulfed by a larger host cell. Process: A large ancestral eukaryotic cell engulfed a bacterium. Instead of digesting it, the host cell formed a mutually beneficial relationship (symbiosis). The host got extra energy (ATP from mitochondria, glucose from chloroplasts). The engulfed bacteria got protection and nutrients. Over time, the engulfed bacteria became permanent organelles: mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Answer 52

Own DNA Both mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA, like bacteria. Own Ribosomes They have prokaryotic-type ribosomes (smaller than eukaryotic ribosomes), which makes proteins independently. Double Membranes They are surrounded by two membranes: Inner membrane = original bacterial membrane Outer membrane = host cell membrane from engulfing Reproduce Independently Mitochondria and chloroplasts divide by binary fission, just like bacteria. Similar Size and Structure to Bacteria Their size and internal structure resemble modern bacteria. Genetic Similarities DNA sequences of mitochondria and chloroplasts are closely related to specific bacterial lineages (mitochondria → proteobacteria, chloroplasts → cyanobacteria).

Answer 53

Nonpolar = neutral, balanced. Polar = partly charged, uneven. Ionic = fully charged, stolen electrons. Polar molecules Have an uneven distribution of electrons → one side is slightly negative, the other slightly positive. Think of it like a magnet with two poles. Example: Water (H₂O) → oxygen pulls electrons closer, making oxygen slightly negative and hydrogens slightly positive. 2. Nonpolar molecules Have an even distribution of electrons → no partial charges, so the molecule is neutral overall. Think of it like a balanced tug-of-war. Example: Oxygen gas (O₂) or oil (made of long carbon chains). 3. Ions Atoms or molecules that have lost or gained electrons, giving them a full positive or negative charge. Not just “slightly charged” like polar molecules — ions are fully charged. Example: Na⁺ (sodium ion) or Cl⁻ (chloride ion) in table salt. 👉 Quick memory trick: Polar = partial charges (like water). Nonpolar = no charges (like oil). Ion = full charge (like Na⁺ or Cl⁻).

Answer 54

span the entire cell membrane, sticking out on both sides. This lets them act as channels, pumps, or receptors, moving things across or sending signals between the inside and outside of the cell.

Answer 55

Molecules are always moving randomly because of thermal energy. If there’s a concentration gradient (more molecules in one area than another), the random motion causes a net movement from high → low. Eventually, the molecules reach equilibrium (evenly distributed). They keep moving, but there’s no net change.

Answer 56

How it works: A carrier or channel protein provides a pathway through the lipid bilayer. Molecules still move from high concentration → low concentration (down their concentration gradient). Example: Glucose moving into a cell through a glucose transport protein. Ions like Na⁺ or K⁺ moving through ion channels.

Answer 57

Concentration gradient Steeper gradient → faster diffusion. Molecules move faster when there’s a big difference between high and low concentration. Temperature Higher temperature → faster diffusion. Molecules move faster when they have more thermal energy. Surface area More surface area → faster diffusion. A larger membrane or boundary lets more molecules pass at once. Distance (thickness of the membrane or space) Shorter distance → faster diffusion. Molecules have less distance to travel, so equilibrium is reached quicker. Molecule size Smaller molecules → faster diffusion. Big molecules move slower because they collide more and have more resistance. Medium (type of substance the molecules move through) Diffusion is faster in gas > liquid > solid. Molecules move more freely in less dense environments.

Answer 58

Hypertonic The solution outside the cell has more solutes than inside the cell. Water moves out of the cell → cell shrinks (crenates in animal cells, plasmolysis in plant cells). Hypotonic The solution outside the cell has fewer solutes than inside the cell. Water moves into the cell → cell swells (can burst in animal cells, becomes turgid in plant cells). Isotonic The solute concentration is equal inside and outside the cell. Water moves in and out equally → cell stays the same size. 💡 Connection to cells: Cells respond to the movement of water through osmosis. Hypertonic → shrinks, Hypotonic → swells, Isotonic → balanced. Plant cells are protected from bursting by the cell wall; animal cells are not.

Answer 59

Small, nonpolar molecules can go right through the phospholipid bilayer without needing a protein. Examples: Oxygen (O₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and sometimes small lipids. Why: Nonpolar molecules mix well with the hydrophobic (fatty) interior of the membrane, so they can diffuse freely.

Answer 60

Large molecules Example: Glucose, amino acids Charged or polar molecules Example: Ions like Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, Ca²⁺ Example: Polar molecules like water (though water also has special channels called aquaporins)

Answer 61

Aquaporins are special protein channels in the cell membrane that allow water molecules to move in and out of cells rapidly. Why they’re needed: Water is polar, so it cannot easily pass through the hydrophobic interior of the phospholipid bilayer. Function: Aquaporins facilitate osmosis, letting water move from low solute → high solute concentrations efficiently.

Answer 62

energy (usually in the form of ATP). This is called active transport. It’s the opposite of diffusion, because molecules are moving against their concentration gradient.

Answer 63

Definition: The movement of molecules against their concentration gradient (from low → high concentration). Requires energy, usually in the form of ATP, because it’s moving molecules “uphill.”

Answer 64

ATP provides the energy to change the shape of transport proteins, allowing them to move molecules across the membrane against the gradient.

Answer 65

3 sodium ions (Na⁺) are pumped out of the cell. 2 potassium ions (K⁺) are brought into the cell. Both ions are being moved against their concentration gradients.

Answer 66

What is the ECM? The extracellular matrix is a network of proteins and carbohydrates outside the cell that provides structural support and helps cells communicate. Where is it? It is located outside the plasma membrane of animal cells, in the space between cells. What is it made of? Proteins: collagen (strength), elastin (elasticity), fibronectin (connects cells to the matrix) Carbohydrates: proteoglycans (trap water, cushion cells) What does it help to do? Provides structural support and shape for tissues Helps cells stick together Facilitates cell signaling and communication Acts as a barrier or filter in some tissues

Answer 67

Tight junctions – create a seal between cells to prevent leakage of materials. Desmosomes – act like spot welds, holding cells together and providing mechanical strength. Gap junctions – channels that directly connect the cytoplasm of two cells, allowing ions, nutrients, and signaling molecules to pass. How this affects communication: Gap junctions allow cells to communicate quickly and directly. Signals like ions or small molecules can pass almost instantly from one cell to another, which is crucial in heart muscle cells, neurons, and other coordinated tissues.

Answer 68

Plant cells are surrounded by cell walls, but they still need to communicate. They do this through plasmodesmata: Plasmodesmata are small channels that pass through the cell walls, connecting the cytoplasm of neighboring cells. They allow water, ions, nutrients, and signaling molecules to move directly between cells. How this affects communication: Enables plant cells to coordinate activities across tissues, such as growth, defense responses, and nutrient transport. Similar to gap junctions in animal cells, plasmodesmata create a network of communication between cells despite the rigid cell wall.

Answer 69

Carbon (C) – forms the backbone of all organic molecules (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids). Hydrogen (H) – part of water and organic molecules; involved in energy transfer. Oxygen (O) – key for cellular respiration, part of water and many organic molecules. Nitrogen (N) – found in amino acids (proteins) and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA). 💡 Why these elements? They can form stable covalent bonds, especially carbon, which can make chains and rings. They make up the molecules essential for life and participate in chemical reactions that sustain living systems. Parts of an atom: Protons (p⁺) – positively charged, in the nucleus; defines the element. Neutrons (n⁰) – neutral, in the nucleus; contributes to atomic mass. Electrons (e⁻) – negatively charged, orbiting the nucleus; involved in bonding and chemical reactions.

Answer 70

Atomic Number The number of protons in an atom’s nucleus. Determines the identity of the element. Example: Carbon has 6 protons, so its atomic number = 6. Mass Number The total number of protons + neutrons in the nucleus. Gives an idea of the atom’s mass (electrons are negligible in mass). Example: Carbon usually has 6 protons + 6 neutrons = mass number 12. 💡 Tip: Atomic number = identity of element Mass number = total particles in nucleus (protons + neutrons)

Answer 71

Valence numbers (number of bonds an atom can form): Hydrogen (H): 1 → can form 1 covalent bond Carbon (C): 4 → can form 4 covalent bonds Oxygen (O): 2 → can form 2 covalent bonds Nitrogen (N): 3 → can form 3 covalent bonds How this relates to bond formation: Valence electrons are the outermost electrons that interact with other atoms. Atoms form covalent bonds to fill their outer electron shell, achieving a stable configuration (usually 8 electrons, except H wants 2). For example: Water (H₂O): Oxygen (2 bonds) + 2 Hydrogens (1 bond each) → satisfies valence rules Methane (CH₄): Carbon (4 bonds) + 4 Hydrogens (1 bond each) → satisfies valence rules

Answer 72

Covalent Bonds Form when two atoms share electrons. Nonpolar Covalent Bonds Electrons are shared equally between atoms. Usually occurs when atoms have similar electronegativity. Example: H₂ or O₂ – both atoms pull equally on electrons. Polar Covalent Bonds Electrons are shared unequally between atoms. Occurs when one atom is more electronegative than the other. The more electronegative atom pulls electrons closer, creating partial charges: δ⁻ (partial negative) at the stronger pull δ⁺ (partial positive) at the weaker pull Example: H₂O – oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, so electrons spend more time near oxygen. Electronegativity A measure of how strongly an atom attracts electrons in a bond. Greater difference in electronegativity = more polar the bond.

Answer 73

Ions Ions are atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons and therefore have a net electrical charge. Cation: positively charged ion (loses electrons) Anion: negatively charged ion (gains electrons) Ionic Bonds Form when oppositely charged ions attract each other. Example: NaCl (table salt) Sodium (Na) loses 1 electron → Na⁺ Chlorine (Cl) gains 1 electron → Cl⁻ Na⁺ and Cl⁻ are attracted → form an ionic bond

Answer 74

Hydrogen Bond Formation A hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a highly electronegative atom (like O, N, or F) and another electronegative atom with a lone pair of electrons. Essentially, it’s not a full bond, but an interaction due to partial charges: δ⁺ on hydrogen δ⁻ on the electronegative atom Example: Water (H₂O) Hydrogen of one water molecule (δ⁺) is attracted to the oxygen of another water molecule (δ⁻) → hydrogen bond forms This is why water molecules stick together (cohesion) and why water has high boiling/melting points. 💡 Tip: Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent bonds but are crucial for structure and properties of water, DNA, and proteins.

Answer 75

Polarity: Water (H₂O) has a bent shape, so oxygen has a partial negative charge (δ⁻) and hydrogens have partial positive charges (δ⁺). This uneven charge distribution makes water a polar molecule. Hydrogen Bonding: Each water molecule can form up to 4 hydrogen bonds with neighboring water molecules. These bonds are constantly breaking and reforming, giving water its cohesion, adhesion, and high specific heat. Resulting Special Properties: Cohesion: Water molecules stick to each other → surface tension Adhesion: Water molecules stick to other polar surfaces → capillary action High specific heat: Water resists temperature changes → stabilizes environments High heat of vaporization: Takes a lot of energy to evaporate → cooling mechanism Ice floats: Hydrogen bonds hold molecules apart in solid form → ice is less dense than liquid Good solvent: Polar water molecules can surround and dissolve other polar or ionic substances 💡 Tip: The polarity + hydrogen bonding is the reason water behaves so differently from most other liquids.

Answer 76

Cohesion Definition: Water molecules stick to each other due to hydrogen bonding. Example/Importance: Creates surface tension, allowing small insects to walk on water. 2. Adhesion Definition: Water molecules stick to other polar surfaces. Example/Importance: Helps water climb up plant roots and stems (capillary action). 3. High Specific Heat Definition: Water resists changes in temperature; it absorbs a lot of heat before increasing in temperature. Example/Importance: Stabilizes climates and body temperatures. 4. High Heat of Vaporization Definition: Water requires a lot of energy to change from liquid to gas. Example/Importance: Sweating cools the body because evaporating water removes heat. 5. Ice Floats (Lower Density as Solid) Definition: Solid water (ice) is less dense than liquid water because hydrogen bonds hold molecules in a rigid lattice. Example/Importance: Lakes and rivers freeze from the top down, allowing aquatic life to survive beneath ice. 6. Universal Solvent Definition: Water dissolves many polar and ionic substances due to its polarity. Example/Importance: Essential for chemical reactions in cells, transporting nutrients and waste. 7. Polarity Definition: Water has partial positive and negative charges (δ⁺ on H, δ⁻ on O), giving it a polar nature. Example/Importance: Enables hydrogen bonding and its ability to dissolve substances.

bio Flashcards

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