bio

Question 1

what is the cell theory

Answer 1

1. cells are the simplest unit of life
2. all organisms are composed of one or more cells
3. all cells come from preexisting cells

Question 2

Are prokaryotic organisms membrane or non membrane bound organelles?

Answer 2

No membrane-bound organelles

Question 3

Do prokaryotes have a nucleus?

Answer 3

No

Question 4

Are eukaryotic organisms membrane or non membrane bound organelles?

Answer 4

they are membrane bound organelles

Question 5

Do eukaryotes have a nucleus?

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

What is an organelle?

Answer 6

it’s a specialized structure that performs a specific job in a cell

Question 7

cytoplasm

Answer 7

everything inside the cell membrane

Question 8

cytosol

Answer 8

everything inside the cell membrane but outside the organelles

Question 9

what are the functions of the cytosol

Answer 9

site of many metobolic reactions and transmits signals from the environment

Question 10

what are the functions of the cytoskeleton

Answer 10

1. provides cell shape and support
2. transport of cells contents
3. movement of the cell (flagella and cilia)
4. seperation of chromosomes during cell division

Question 11

what are ribosomes?

Answer 11

site of protein synthesis, protein factories

Question 12

what are plasma (cell) membrane

Answer 12

composed of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded. it provides a barrier and seperates the contents of the cell from extracellular environment

Question 13

chromatin

Answer 13

DNA is wound around proteins

Question 14

chromosomes

Answer 14

highly condensed chromatin

Question 15

rough ER

Answer 15

( with ribosomes) proteins are folded, modified, and passed to the golgi apparatus

Question 16

smooth ER functions

Answer 16

(lacks ribosomes)
1. lipid synthesis
2. detoxification

Question 17

golgi apparatus

Answer 17

post office
1. recieves, modifies, and packages proteins and lipids from the ER
2. sends modified products to destination
3. synthesizes structural carbohydrates

Question 18

lysosomes

Answer 18

recycling centers
1. breaks down waste molecules and worn out organelles and foreign material

Question 19

peroxisomes

Answer 19

contains over 50 enzymes involved in a variety of cellular reactions
hydrogen peroxide is produced as a byproduct
functions:
1. break down fatty acids
2. detoxification
3. lipid synthesis

Question 20

Why are mitochondria and chloroplasts refered to as semiautonomous organelles?

Answer 20

It contains DNA and RNA that functions but many of their proteins are encoded by nuclear DNA and they can divide independently.

Question 21

mitochondria

Answer 21

site of aerobic cellular respiration, energy in food molecules is turned to energy in ATP

Question 22

chloroplasts

Answer 22

site of photosynthesis

Question 23

plant cell wall

Answer 23

composed of cellulose
functions:
1. protection of plant cell from physical damage
2. shape and support

Question 24

vacuoles (central vacuole in plants)

Answer 24

storage of nutrients
maintaince of turgor pressure
breakdown of waste

Question 25

what are organic molecules

Answer 25

molcules that contain carbon bonded to hydrogen

Question 26

what are the 4 classes of organic molecules

Answer 26

carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

Question 27

what are carbohydrates composed of and what are the categories

Answer 27

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen monosacchrides disacchrides polysacchrides

Question 28

monosacchride

Answer 28

single ring structure immediate fuel and structural components to nucleotides

Question 29

disacchrides

Answer 29

2 monosacchrides and bonded by a glycosidic bond immediate fuel

Question 30

polysacchride

Answer 30

many monosacchrides short term energy storage (glycogen in animals and starch in plants) structural materials long straight chains that cna pack together to produce strong structural materials

Question 31

what are the 2 types of nucleic acids

Answer 31

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- genetic material) ribonucleic acid (RNA- expression of genetic material)

Question 32

nucleotide

Answer 32

building blocks of nucleic acids contain: phosphate group sugar base

Question 33

nucleotides are bonded together by what bond to form nucleic acids?

Answer 33

phosphodiester bond

Question 34

what is the building blocks of proteins?

Answer 34

amino acids

Question 35

what are the 4 levels of protein structure?

Answer 35

primary- sequence of amino acids secondary- parts of polypeptide chain fold to form a repeating pattern (alpha helix and beta sheet) tertiary- 3D folded structure of single polypeptide chain quanternary- two or more polypeptides

Question 36

functions of proteins

Answer 36

- structural (keratin, collagen, and cytoskeletal proteins) - enzymes (speed up chemical reactions in cells) - transport (proteins more molecules in and out of cells - signaling (proteins/receptors used for altering cell behavior

Question 37

what is genome

Answer 37

all the genetic material present in cells of an organism

Question 38

what is the proteome

Answer 38

all the proteins produced by a cell

Question 39

what all is included in lipids?

Answer 39

fats, phospholipids, steriods, waxes

Question 40

what are lipids composed of and are they polar or nonpolar

Answer 40

they are composed of carbon and hydrogen nonpolar and hyrdophobic, and insoluable

Question 41

fats/triglycerides composed of

Answer 41

gylcerol is bonded to 3 fatty acids by ester bonds

Question 42

saturated fats

Answer 42

single bonds solid at room temp contributes to coronary heart disease

Question 43

cis unsaturated fats

Answer 43

double bond liquid at room temp

Question 44

trans unsaturated fats

Answer 44

leads to coronary heart disease

Question 45

functions of fats

Answer 45

long term energy storage cushioning and insulation aids in absorption of fat soluable vitamins

Question 46

phospholipids

Answer 46

gylcerol is bonded to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group amphipathic (Phosphate head – polar / hydrophilic, Fatty acid tail – nonpolar / hydrophobic) form micelles/bilayers

Question 47

steriods

Answer 47

4 interconnected rings of carbon atoms nonpolar and insoluable in water

Question 48

waxes

Answer 48

long chain alcohol bonded to1 long chain fatty acid functions - barrier to water loss - structural elements (beeswax) - protection (earwax)

Question 49

covalent bond

Answer 49

atoms share pairs of electrons

Question 50

polar covalent bonds

Answer 50

different electronegativity unequal shared electrons

Question 51

nonpolar covalent bonds

Answer 51

similar electronegativity electrons shared equally

Question 52

ionic bonds

Answer 52

cation bonds with an anion by electrostatic attraction

Question 53

ion

Answer 53

atoms that gain or loose elctrons aka salts

Question 54

hydrogen bonds

Answer 54

not a chemical bond intermolecular attractive force between 2 polar molecules. between 2 polar molecules- a polar hydrogen bond and another molecule

Question 55

van der waals forces

Answer 55

non chemical bond temporary intermoleculer attraction between uncharged atoms or molecules