bio 4

Question 1

What are the major branches of the nervous system?

Answer 1

CNS, PNS, somatic, autonomic, sympathetic, parasympathetic

Question 2

CNS vs PNS?

Answer 2

CNS = brain/spinal cord; PNS = all nerves outside

Question 3

Somatic vs autonomic?

Answer 3

Somatic = voluntary; Autonomic = involuntary

Question 4

Sympathetic vs parasympathetic?

Answer 4

Sympathetic = fight/flight; Parasympathetic = rest/digest

Question 5

Function of brain stem?

Answer 5

Breathing, heart rate

Question 6

Function of spinal cord?

Answer 6

Signal highway to/from brain

Question 7

Four lobes + functions?

Answer 7

Frontal = thinking/movement; Parietal = touch; Temporal = hearing/language; Occipital = vision

Question 8

Why is language near the temporal lobe?

Answer 8

Temporal lobe processes sound

Question 9

Purpose of myelin sheath?

Answer 9

Speeds nerve signals; like insulation around a wire

Question 10

Transport used to release neurotransmitters?

Answer 10

Exocytosis

Question 11

How does chemical signal become electrical again?

Answer 11

Neurotransmitter opens ion channels → action potential starts

Question 12

How does Botox affect neurons?

Answer 12

Blocks exocytosis → no neurotransmitter → muscle doesn’t contract

Question 13

Taste uses which receptors?

Answer 13

Chemoreceptors

Question 14

Smell uses which receptors?

Answer 14

Chemoreceptors

Question 15

Vision uses which receptors?

Answer 15

Photoreceptors

Question 16

Hearing uses which receptors?

Answer 16

Mechanoreceptors

Question 17

Touch uses which receptors?

Answer 17

Mechano, thermo, pain

Question 18

Proprioception uses which receptors?

Answer 18

Mechanoreceptors

Question 19

Tonic vs phasic receptors?

Answer 19

Tonic = slow adapting (pain); Phasic = fast adapting (smell)

Question 20

Where must light land for clear vision?

Answer 20

Fovea

Question 21

What must sound waves do in the cochlea?

Answer 21

Move/vibrate the fluid

Question 22

Why do humans have referred pain?

Answer 22

Shared nerve pathways; internal pain harder to pinpoint

Question 23

Why does muscle need ATP?

Answer 23

Detach/reset myosin; made via cellular respiration

Question 24

Why are slow-twitch muscles darker?

Answer 24

More mitochondria + blood; used for aerobic exercise

Question 25

What happens if reuptake is blocked?

Answer 25

More neurotransmitter in synapse → more firing

Question 26

Example of law not catching up to reproductive tech?

Answer 26

Surrogacy/IVF parent rights unclear

Question 27

Asexual vs sexual reproduction?

Answer 27

Asexual = one parent, identical; Sexual = two parents, variation

Question 28

External vs internal fertilization?

Answer 28

External = outside body; Internal = inside body

Question 29

Oogenesis vs spermatogenesis?

Answer 29

Oogenesis = one egg/month; Spermatogenesis = millions daily

Question 30

Female cycle basics?

Answer 30

Ovulation → endometrium thickens → menstruation if no pregnancy

Question 31

Why did menopause evolve?

Answer 31

Grandmother hypothesis (helps family survive)

Question 32

Most effective contraception?

Answer 32

IUDs and implants

Question 33

STD categories?

Answer 33

Bacterial (curable), viral (not), protozoan (curable)

Question 34

Where does fertilization occur?

Answer 34

Fallopian tube

Question 35

What helps sperm travel?

Answer 35

Flagella + enzymes

Question 36

What prevents multiple sperm from entering egg?

Answer 36

Egg forms block after first sperm enters

Question 37

Zygote: diploid or haploid?

Answer 37

Diploid

Question 38

Causes of infertility?

Answer 38

Blocked tubes, low sperm count, hormones, age, PCOS, endometriosis

Question 39

Examples of assisted reproductive tech?

Answer 39

IVF, IUI, donors, surrogacy, egg freezing

Question 40

Define herd immunity.

Answer 40

Enough people immune → disease can’t spread

Question 41

Innate vs adaptive immunity?

Answer 41

Innate = fast/general; Adaptive = slow/specific/memory

Question 42

Function of lymphatic system?

Answer 42

Returns fluid; carries immune cells/pathogens

Question 43

External vs internal innate defenses?

Answer 43

External = skin, mucus; Internal = inflammation, fever

Question 44

What does histamine do?

Answer 44

Dilates blood vessels → swelling/redness

Question 45

Where are T & B cells formed?

Answer 45

Both in bone marrow; T mature in thymus

Question 46

Helper T function?

Answer 46

Activate immune cells

Question 47

Cytotoxic T function?

Answer 47

Kill infected cells

Question 48

Plasma B cell function?

Answer 48

Make antibodies

Question 49

Memory B cell function?

Answer 49

Long-term immunity

Question 50

Antigen vs antibody?

Answer 50

Antigen = foreign; Antibody = protein that binds it

Question 51

What is clonal selection?

Answer 51

B cell activated → makes copies → produces antibodies

Question 52

How do vaccines work?

Answer 52

Expose immune system to harmless antigen → builds memory

Question 53

What is an allergy?

Answer 53

Immune overreaction; treated with antihistamines/EpiPen

Question 54

What causes autoimmune disease?

Answer 54

Immune system attacks own cells

Question 55

Causes of immunodeficiency?

Answer 55

HIV, chemo, malnutrition, genetics, aging

Question 56

What is HIV?

Answer 56

Virus attacking helper T cells

Question 57

What is AIDS?

Answer 57

Final stage of HIV → very weak immune system

Question 58

Why do AIDS patients die from other diseases?

Answer 58

Immune system too weak to fight infections/cancer