Bio Class 8

Question 1

Endocrine vs Exocrine glands

Answer 1

Endocrine

• product: hormones
• location: blood stream
• ducts: no ducts, straight into capillary network

Exocrine

• product: everything but hormones, mucus, sweat, stomach acid, etc
• location: body surface/cavity
• ducts: yes except for mucus cells

Question 2

Steroids vs Peptides

• Made from?
• Location of receptor?
• Mechanism of action?
• Speed of effects?
• Longevity of effects?

Answer 2

Steroid

• made from cholestrol
• receptor inside cell
• binds to DNA and modifies transcription
• slow effect but more permanent
• eg. testosterone, progesterone, estrogen

Peptide

• made from amino acids
• receptor on surface
• acts as a secondary messenger
• fast effect but temporary

Question 3

What is the fastest hormone?

Answer 3

epinephrine

Question 4

Hormone release

Answer 4

Neuronal
- neurons trigger the release of hormones (eg. adrenaline)
Hormonal
- hormones trigger release of hormones (eg. Tropic hormones:ACTH)
Humoral
- particles in blood trigger release of hormones (eg. high glucose releases insulin)

Question 5

Anterior vs posterior pituitary (characteristics)

Answer 5

Anterior

• produces 6 hormones: Tropic - FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, direct hormone- Prolactin, GH
• Has glandular tissue
• also known as “adenohypophysis”
• hormones are made and released

Posterior

• produces 2 hormones: vasopressin (adh), oxytocin
• known as “neurohypophysis”
• has nervous tissue
• hormones are stored & released

Question 6

Anterior pituitary process

Answer 6

Hormone-making cells that produce hormone and travels via capillary networks that are connected by portal vein
- every hormone released from anterior pituitary has a release hormone from hypothalamus

Question 7

Posterior pituitary process

Answer 7

Neuron makes hormones and axon will start in hypothalamus and release in posterior pituitary

Question 8

Arteries vs Veins

- pressure, how it moves, muscular walls, elasticity

Answer 8

Arteries

• high pressure because blood is pushed out
• blood moves by forward momentum
• has muscular walls so can direct blood wherever needed in body
• is elastic so can regain shape after stretching out

Veins

• low pressure
• blood moves by anything that squishes veins (eg. skeletal muscle contracting)
• no muscular walls or elasticity
• has valves to prevent back flow when muscles relax

Question 9

Capillaries

Answer 9

Exchange of nutrients and waste, very thin

Question 10

What is blood called when it’s in the…
lymphatic system?
in tissues without cells?
inside veins & arteries

Answer 10

lymph
interstitial fluid
plasm

Question 11

Lymphatic system

Answer 11

When blood exits arteries, osmosis will bring it back in through the vein but there’s a lot of blood that exits so it goes through lymph system
- the lymph node is a concentrated area of WBC which monitors infections

Question 12

Flow of blood

Answer 12

1. From body you get deoxygenated blood that enters the right atrium through the superior/inferior vena cava
2. The blood goes from RA to RV through the tricuspid atrioventricular valve
3. Blood goes from RV to lungs through pulmonary artery by passing the pulmonary semilunar valve
4. Blood reaches lungs & gets oxygenated
5. Blood enters LA through pulmonary veins
6. Oxygenated blood goes from LA to LV by passing the bicuspid (mitral) AV valve
7. From LV to go to rest of body it passes the aortic semilunar valve through the aorta

Question 13

Why is the LV more thick?

Answer 13

Blood needs higher pressure because being pumped to rest of the body which is further apart than pumping to eg. lungs

Question 14

Lub Dup sound

Answer 14

Lub - where systole begins; AV valves close

Dup - where distole begins; Semilunar valves close

1. Contraction of atria will push blood down and almost immediately the ventricle will start contracting.
2. To ensure no back flow of blood, AV valves close
3. Then pushed through the semilunar valves and when it relaxes it will close too

Question 15

Systole vs Diastole

Answer 15

Systole- artery is contracted

Diastole - artery is relaxed

Question 16

BP

Answer 16

Systole/Diastole

Pressure of artery when contracted / pressure of artery when relaxed

Question 17

BP is directly proportional to…

Answer 17

Cardiac output

Peripheral resistance

Question 18

Cardiac output

Answer 18

Stroke volume x HR

vol/beat) x (beat/min

Question 19

How to change stroke volume

Answer 19

1. Change the blood volume
2. Change activity level
3. Change posture

Question 20

Frank-Starling law

Answer 20

More blood in –> heart stretching –> heart contracting –> more blood out

Question 21

Peripheral resistance

Answer 21

How hard it is to get the blood through vessels
Vessels dilate = flow will increase = PR will decrease = bp will decrease

Vessels constrict = flow will decrease = PR will increase = bp will increase

Question 22

Tetany

Answer 22

As ap builds up, you achieve tetany

Question 23

Why do you not want tetany in cardiac muscle cells but in skeletal muscle cells?

Answer 23

You want to be able to hold yourself with extended skeletal contractions at extended periods of time

Question 24

Autorhythmic cells

Answer 24

known as pace makers

• found in the SA node and then will generate AP
• will transmit stimulus to LA and RA forcing it to push into ventricles via contractions
• will pass through AV, which will delay it a bit to allow atria to contract first
• will go through bundle branches in RV then purkinje fibers in LV where it will then be pumped bottom up in ventricle to cardiac muscle cells

Question 25

Reasons why conduction system is important

Answer 25

1. Atria and ventricle cannot communicate electrically, only through gap junction so need conduction system 2. AV node delays impulse allowing atria to contract first 3. Impulse travels to bottom of heart before entering ventricular muscle, allowing ventricle to contract from bottom to top

Question 26

Blood composition

Answer 26

``` Plasma (54%) - water, glucose, lipoproteins, plasma proteins, hormones, wastes Leukocyte (1%) - WBC and platelettes Hematocrit (45%) - RBC ```

Question 27

Blood Gas Transport

Answer 27

- oxygen is non-polar so only 3% dissolves in blood plasm - the 97% transports via hemoglobin - Hb goes to lungs, fills up with oxygen then goes to tissue & unloads 30% of oxygen

Question 28

Hemoglobin

Answer 28

Has 4 polypeptides which have co-operative binding | - Hb has a higher affinity for oxygen in lungs vs releases oxygen it decreases affinity

Question 29

Co-operative binding

Answer 29

When 1 polypeptide binds to hemoglobin, the affinity of other polypeptides to bind oxygen

Question 30

Co2 transport

Answer 30

- Carbon dioxide is non-polar so it won't completely dissolve - 7% dissolves in plasma, 20% on Hb - 73% converted to bicarb and dissolved in plasma CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

Question 31

Non-specific defense

Answer 31

1. Barriers: mucus, skin, hair, ear wax 2. Chemicals: lysozyme in saliva and tears, stomach acid, complement system 3. Cells: neutrophils (phagocytes), natural killer

Question 32

Complement system

Answer 32

Proteins that insert into membranes and act as water channels to allow water in cell and then lyse it

Question 33

B-cell immunity (humoral immunity)

Answer 33

Make antibody and dumps it in blood - has DNA rearrangement to allow to make variety of antibodies - b-cell is found on surface of cell - 2 types: plasma b-cells (specific and dump into blood) AND memory b-cells (remember for next infection)

Question 34

Antigen

Answer 34

foreign protein that trigger immune response

Question 35

Antibody

Answer 35

specific marker for antigen | - able to carry 2 antigens with the SAME epitope

Question 36

Pathogen

Answer 36

disease causing organism

Question 37

T-cells: Cell mediated immunity

Answer 37

1. Killer T cells - respond to MHC I - kills foreign bodies 2. Helper T cells - responds to MHC II - secrete chemicals to increase B- & T- cell proliferation

Question 38

MHC I vs MHC II

Answer 38

MHC I - present in almost all cells - presented on surface of cell - if it meets a foreign antigen, it will kill it MHC II - found on B- cells & macrophages - allows cells to display eaten particles on cell surface

Question 39

Primary and Secondary immune response

Answer 39

Primary exposure to antigen - (7-10 days: primary immune response)-> Ab, Active t cells, memory cells - (<1 day: secondary immune response)-> Ab, Active t cells, more memory cells More exposure to antigens = stronger response

Question 40

How does a vaccination work?

Answer 40

Introduce antigens to allow immune response to make ab so that if you get exposed later, it'll be considered a secondary immune response

Question 41

Autoimmunity

Answer 41

- immune system targets foreign proteins in body - produces b and t cells that recognize different proteins including your own - self-reactive lymphocytes will attack own ag & cause autoimmune response - to prevent this, you need to kill these self-reactive lymphocytes Many random B & T cells are produced that recognize both self + non-self proteins --> exposed to all normal "self antigens" --> B + T cells that recognize self have to either be inactive (anergic) or apoptosis --> B+ T cells that recognize non-self will be released into circulation

Question 42

Where are T cells and B cells produced?

Answer 42

bone marrow

Question 43

Where are T cells and B cells matured?

Answer 43

T cells: thymuc gland | B cells: bone marrow