School > Bio - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Bio - Endocrine System Flashcards

(59 cards)

Study These Flashcards
1
Q

What is the role of the endocrine system

A

-keeps internal environment of body consistent
- this is called homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a gland

A

An organ that secretes chemicals known as hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Examples of exocrine glands

A

sweat glands, salivary gland’s, and alimentary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is an exocrine gland

A

secretes chemicals through a duct that carries them to body surface or body cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an endocrine gland

A

-secretes chemicals into extracellular fluid that surrounds cells of gland
-passes into capillaries to be transported by blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a hormone

A

A chemical secreted from an endocrine gland and transported via blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do hormones bind to

A

a target cell or organ that they are specific to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How are protein receptors specific

A

they only allow specific molecules to bind to it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How can saturation occur with hormone reception

A
  • if all of the receptors are occupied
  • so adding more hormones does not produce a greater effect
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the effect of hormones

A

Changes the function of a cell by changing its type, amount and/or activity of the protein being produced by the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hormones can:

A
  1. activate particular genes
  2. changes the shape or structure of an enzyme
  3. change the rate of production of an enzyme or protein.
  4. change the rate of transcription or translation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the process of paracrine

A
  • when chemicals only diffuse to adjacent cells
  • travel by extracellular fluid not blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Protein/Amine Hormones

A
  • water soluble
  • attaches to receptor proteins on cell membrane
  • causes secondary messenger to diffuse through cell and activate particular enzymes
  • act fast doesn’t last long
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Protein/Amine Hormone example

A

Insulin binds to receptors on the target cells membrane causing an increase in glucose absorption by the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Steroid Hormones

A

-lipid soluble
-travels in the blood on transport proteins
-diffuses through membrane and attaches to receptors on organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What can a Hormone receptor complex do

A

binds to promoter section of a certain gene, stimulating/inhibiting transcription and therefore protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is enzyme amplification

A

one hormone activating thousands of enzyme molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

steps of enzyme amplification

A
  1. hormone binds to receptor cell
  2. triggers activation of one enzyme in cell
  3. that enzyme activates others in chain reaction
    e.g adrenaline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hormone clearance

A
  1. Breakdown by enzymes (degradation)
  2. Removal by the Kidneys (Excretion in Urine)
  3. Cell absorption and Recycling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

e.g breakdown by enzymes

A

insulin broken down by enzymes in the liver after it lowers blood sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

e.g removal by the kidneys

A

adrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

e.g cell absorption and recycling

A

Thyroid hormones can be stored in cell for later use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the Hypothalamus

A

-a section of the brain that regulates functions of the body e.g body temp + heart rate
-this is carried out through the pituitary gland
- connects endocrine and nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the Pituitary gland

Study These Flashcards
A

a gland located in the brain that’s separated by an anterior and posterior lobe that regulates bodily functions

25
Anterior lobe
- no nerves connecting to hypothalamus - connected by network of blood vessels
26
Posterior lobe
- connected to hypothalamus via nerve fibres - doesn't make its own hormones (not a true gland)
27
How do hormones get transferred from hypothalamus to anterior lobe
- hypothalamus secretes releasing factors which stimulates secretion of hormone - or inhibiting factors which slow release of hormone - then travel through blood vessels to anterior lobe
28
How do hormones get transferred from hypothalamus to posterior lobe
- hormones get passed along nerve fibres to posterior lobe - axons of neurosecretory cells extend through infundibulum to posterior lobe - hormones stored in axon terminals and released into capillaries when needed
29
what are Neurosecretory cells
specialised neurons in the hypothalamus that function as both an endocrine cell and neuron
30
Hormones secreted by the anterior lobe
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinising hormone (LH), Growth hormone (GH), Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and Prolactin (PRL)
31
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- effects the gonads - ovary: stimulates follicular development - testes: stimulates maturation of sperm
32
Luteinising hormone (LH)
- effects the gonads - Female: brings on ovulation + forms corpus luteum - Male: stimulates interstitial cells to secrete male sex hormones
33
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- effects the thyroid - stimulates production and release of hormones from thyroid glands
33
Growth Hormone (GH)
- effects all cells - stimulates body growth, particularly in the skeleton - increases rate amino acids are taken up by cells to make proteins
34
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- effects the adrenal glands - controls the production and release off hormones from the adrenal cortex
35
Prolactin (PRL)
- effects mammary glands - works with other hormones to initiate and maintain milk secretion in females
36
What hormones does the posterior lobe secrete
- Oxytocin - Antidiuretic hormone
37
Oxytocin
- effects mammary glands + uterus - stimulates contraction of cells in the mammary glands, resulting in the release of milk during breastfeeding - stimulates contraction of muscle cells In uterus resulting in contractions
38
Antidiuretic hormone
- effects kidneys - causes kidneys to remove water from urine that is forming, returning the water to the bloodstream, helps maintain body fluid
39
Pineal Gland
- lipid soluble - deep in brain - pea sized in children, decreases after puberty - secretes melatonin - stimulated by darkness + inhibited by light
40
Pineal Gland - Melatonin
Regulates sleep patterns
41
Thyroid Gland
- lipid soluble - below larynx - 2 lobes lie either side of trachea joined by tissue - in response to TSH, releases Thyroxine + Triiodothyronine - made from 2 tyrosine (amino acid)
42
Thyroid Gland - Thyroxine
- controls body metabolism - brings about energy in the form of heat to maintain body temp - less active lasts longer
43
Thyroid Gland - Calcitonin
- water soluble - secreted when calcium concentrations in the blood increase - decreases reabsorption of calcium and phosphate in kidneys - inhibits breakdown of bone
44
Parathyroid Gland - Parathyroid hormone
- controls calcium and phosphate levels - more PTH = more calcium released into blood
44
Parathyroid Gland
- water soluble - pea sized in the back of thyroid gland - secretes parathyroid hormone
45
Thymus Gland
- water soluble - in chest above heart behind sternum - larger in children shrinks after puberty - secretes thymosins
46
Thymus Gland - Thymosins
- water soluble - a group of hormones - influences the maturation of disease fighting T lymphocytes
47
Adrenal Glands
- 2 on top of either kidney - consists of inner adrenal medulla (water soluble) and an outer adrenal cortex (lipid soluble)
48
Adrenal Medulla
- Adrenaline (epinephrine) - helps body prep for life threatening situations - Noradrenaline - similar effects to adrenaline, increases rate and force of heartbeat
49
Adrenal Cortex
- secretes more than 20 different hormones (corticosteroids) - Aldosterone - Cortisol
50
Adrenal Cortex - Aldosterone
- acts on kidney to reduce sodium + increase potassium in urine
51
Adrenal Cortex - Cortisol
- promotes normal metabolism - helps body withstand stress - help to repair damaged tissues
52
Pancreas
- water soluble - Exocrine - secretes digestive enzymes into small intestine through pancreatic duct - Endocrine - within pancreas are clusters of specialised cells called Islets of langerhans (beta/alpha)
53
Pancreas - Insulin
- secretes by beta cells - reduce amount of glucose - promotes uptake of glucose from blood to body cells - glucose - glycogen + fat in liver - glucose - glycogen in skeletal muscle - glucose - fat in fat tissue
54
Pancreas - Glucagon
- secreted by alpha cells - opposite of insulin - increase fat due to breakdown of fat tissue - increase blood sugar levels - promote breakdown of glycogen back into glucose
55
Gonads
- lipid soluble - ovaries and testes - secretes androgens, oestrogen and progesterone
56
Gonads - Androgens
- produces male sex hormone (testosterone) - responsible for development + maintenance of male sex characteristics
57
Gonads - Oestrogen and Progesterone
- stimulates development + maintenance of female sex characteristics - helps regulate menstrual cycle + changes during pregnancy
School
flashcards
Decks in class (6)
# Cards
Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2026 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions