1
Q
What is this process?
6CO2 + 6H2O + light -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
A
photosynthesis
2
Q
where is the light energy harvest during photosynthesis stored?
A
chemical bonds
3
Q
where does photosynthesis occur?
A
the chloroplast
4
Q
what are the products of photosynthetic electron transport?
A
NADPH and ATP
5
Q
how many protein complexes harvest light during electron transport?
A
2
6
Q
how do photosystems I and II harvest light?
A
With pigments
7
Q
what are the products of photosynthetic electron transport?
A
NADPH and ATP
8
Q
which process uses the NADPH and ATP produced by electron transport?
A
Calvin Cycle
9
Q
which enzyme “fixes” CO2 from the atmosphere?
A
RuBisCo
10
Q
which product of the calvin cycle is used to make sugars?
A
3-phosphoglycerate
11
Q
what is the purpose of mitosis?
A
cell cloning, cell copying, asexual reproduction
12
Q
what is the cell doing during interphase stage G1
A
existing
13
Q
if a cell receives a signal to divide it enters S phase. what happens during s phase?
A
centrosome synthesis, dna synthesis
14
Q
in terms of DNA, what is the difference between the G1 and G2 phases?
A
G2 has twice as much DNA as G1
15
Q
what happens to the cells chromosomes during prophase of mitosis?
A
they condense
16
Q
what happens to the cells centrosomes during prophase of mitosis?
A
they migrate to two poles
17
Q
what happens during metaphase of mitosis?
A
the chromosomes line up in a plane
18
Q
what happens during anaphase of mitosis?
A
chromosomes separate into dyads, migrate to two poles
19
Q
what event is marked by telophase of mitosis?
A
the chromosomes complete migration
20
Q
where are the chromosomes during interphase stage G1
A
in the nucleus
21
Q
what do we call a place in the cell cycle where division pauses until certain criteria are met?
A
check point
22
Q
if a cell fails the G2 or metaphase checkpoint what might happen?
A
the cell will die
23
Q
what criteria must be met before a cell can pass the G1 checkpoint?
A
signal to divide, cell must be large enough, DNA must be undamaged
24
Q
what do cancer cells lack?
A
social control, checkpoint control, apoptosis
25
what type of reproduction is aided by meiosis?
sexual
26
the number of chromosome "sets" in a cell is referred to as its...
ploidy
27
what term is used to denote the two chromatids on a single metaphase chromosome?
sister chromatids
28
what term is used to denote the two chromatids on different chromosomes in a homologous pair?
non-sister chromatids
29
what distinguishes meiotic prophase I from mitotic prophase?
crossing over between homologous chromosomes
30
what is separated during meiotic anaphase I?
homologous pairs (tetrads) are separated
31
at the end of meiosis I, what is the ploidy of the two products?
haploid
32
what is separated during meiotic anaphase II?
dyads are pulled apart resulting in separate chromosomes
33
at the end of meiosis II, what is the ploidy of the two products?
haploid
34
what do we call a mistake in meiosis where homologous pairs do not properly separate?
non-disjunction
35
every mendelian cross experiment begins with...
true breeding parents
36
what do we call the phenotypes seen in the F1 generation?
Dominant
37
Random crossing: what is the dominant trait?
no way to tell dominant or recessive in random cross
38
mendelian cross: what is the dominant trait?
whatever trait is present in F1 generation
39
mendelian cross: predict the f2 phenotypic ratio
po: whitexgrey
f1: grey
f2:?
phenotypic f2 ratio is 3:1, 3 grey 1 white
40
what is the genotype of the f1 generation in a mendelian cross?
heterozygous
41
what is the genotypic ratio of the f2 generation in a monohybrid mendelian cross?
1:2:1
42
what is suggested by "two dominant alleles", aka co-dominance?
both alleles make a functioning product but the products differ from one another. the mixing of the two products creates the intermediate phenotype
43
which type of inheritance best describes the patterns in this cross?
Po spots x stripes
F1 all have spots & stripes
f2 1/4 spots, 1/2 spots & stripes, 1/4 stripes
co-dominant alleles
44
what is the best explanation for two independently assorting genes in a dihybrid cross?
the genes are on different chromosomes
45
how many different allele combinations can be made from two independently assorting heterozygous genes?
4
46
two independently assorting genes will result in a F2 ratio divisible by
16
47
what does this description suggest: there is no obvious ratio divisible by 16 in the F2 generation of a dihybrid cross, the parental types are over-represented, and the non-parental types are under-represented
the genes are not independently assorting
48
what is the source of non-parentals?
crossing over between homologous pairs
49
DNA is a polymer made of
nucleotides
50
which best describes DNA synthesis?
each of the two existing strands act as a template to produce a new strand
51
which best describes DNA synthesis?
the process is catalyzed by several different enzymes
52
which enzyme synthesizes a new strand of DNA?
DNA polymerase
53
what does DNA polymerase require?
a free 3' hydroxyl to attach a new nucleotide
a template strand
unpaired deoxynucleotides
54
dna polymerase synthesizes new dna...
5' to 3'
55
which enzyme makes an RNA primer to begin DNA synthesis?
Primase
56
why is an RNA primer necessary?
DNA polymerase requires a 3' hydroxyl to add a new nucleotide
57
what is a genetic mutation?
a change in the DNA nucleotide sequence
58
mutations are ...
good, bad, or neutral
59
what are the sources of mutation?
ionizing radiation/gamma radiation/radiations
nitrous acid
DNA polymerase
Oxygen radical
60
what do we call DNA polymerases ability to correct a mismatch?
exonuclease activity
61
what do we call a chemical that can cause a mutation?
mutagen
62
which repair mechanism fixes mutations created by UV light?
excision repair
63
what is encoded by a gene?
protein
64
where does gene expression occur?
every cell with a nucleus
65
during the process of gene expression what is made first?
RNA
66
what type of RNA is made from a gene?
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
67
what functions are performed by the proteins made from genes?
enzymatic
structural
regulation of cell processes
68
in gene expression, what is transcription?
RNA production
69
where does transcription begin?
at the promoter
70
what serves as a template fro transcription?
one of the two strands of DNA
71
what enzyme catalyzes the transcription of RNA from a DNA template?
RNA polymerase
72
what is the first event in bacterial transcription?
sigma factor binds
73
what is transcription?
the process of making RNA from a DNA template
74
what is translation?
the process of making protein from a RNA template
75
what marks the beginning of translation?
start codon
76
every protein begin with...
methionine
77
what is a genetic codon?
a group of three mRNA nucleotides which can be tanslated into a specific amino acid
78
what is the role of mRNA in translation?
it is a series of codons that will be translated
79
what molecule matches each amino acid to the proper codon?
tRNA
80
what is the role of rRNA in translation?
the "workbench" where translation occurs
81
translation is terminated by...
one of the three "stop" codons
82
how can a single nucleotide mutation have no effect on the amino acid content of a protein?
there is redundancy in the genetic code
83
what role does light energy play? explain which protein complexes harvest it and what it does with the energy
PSII uses the light energy to split a water molecule
PSI re-energizes an e- it received from plastocyanin
84
at what stage is CO2 utilized? what is CO2 added to and by what?
calvin cycle - Co2 is added to Ribulose-bis-phosphate by RuBisCo
85
which enzyme fixes Co2 from the atmosphere?
RuBisCo
86
what is the role of H2O?
it is split by PsII where it provides energy (e-) to move H+'s from the stroma to the lumen. Provides H+ to the lumen
87
at what stage is C6H12O6 produced?
carbon dioxide fixation, calvin cycle
88
at what stage is O2 produced? include protein complex
the first step of e- transport, PSII
89
list two pigments found in photosystems
Chlorophyll-a
Chlorophyll-b
Xanthophyl
Beta-canotene
90
why do photosystems have multiple pigments?
the more pigments the more wavelengths of light that can be harvested
91
Characteristics of G1/G0
cell is "existing"
chromosomes are single strands of DNA
92
characteristics of S phase
DNA is replicated
chromosomes are being replicated
93
characteristics of prophase
chromatin is condensing
nuclear membrane dissolves
third idk?
94
characteristics of metaphase
condensed chromosomes align along plane
95
characteristics of anaphase
chromosomes (chromatids) separate and are pulled to opposite side of the cell
96
characteristics of telophase
chromosomes stop moving + decondense
nuclear membrane reforms
97
what is the difference between a chromosome in G1, G2, and metaphase?
G1 - each chromosome is a single strand of DNA
G2 - each chromosome has been replicated and is made of 2 strands of DNA held together by a centromere
Metaphase - each chromosome is condensed for movement
98
list the three cell cycle checkpoints covered in class and define one criterion for each one that much be met before the cell can continue to divide
G1 - cell has received a signal to divide
Cell is large enough
DNA is undamaged
Sufficient nutrition
G2 - DNA has been replicated, undamaged
Metaphase - all chromosomes are present, undamaged, aligned
99
goblins are 2n=4
how many chromosomes would be present in a meiocyte in G1 phase (before meiosis begins?)
4
100
goblins are 2n=4
how many chromosomes would be present in the two secondary meiocytes produced at the end of meiosis 1?
2
101
goblins are 2n=4
how many chromosomes would be present in the gametes produced at the end of meiosis 2?
2
102
goblins are 2n=4
what is the ploidy of a goblin meiocyte in G1 phase? (before meiosis begins)
2n
103
goblins are 2n=4
what is the ploidy of the two secondary meiocytes produced at the end of meiosis 1?
1n
104
goblins are 2n=4
what is the ploidy of the gametes produced at the end of meiosis 2?
1n
105
what event distinguishes prophase I of meiosis from prophase of mitosis?
crossing over
106
how would chromosomes appear at metaphase I and metaphase II?
metaphase I - double planed, metaphase II - single plane
XX X
XX X
107
how would chromosomes appear in anaphase I? CLICK EDIT
---XX ----
--X X ---
108
describe three events that define prophase I of meiosis
nuclear membrane disintegrates
chromatin condenses
crossing over between homologous pairs of chromosomes
109
what is one important piece of information you must have known about the individuals used in the Po cross? Mendelian cross
each is true-breeding
110
what are the possible genotypes for each generation of this mendelian cross?
Po: pointy x rounded
F1: all rounded
F2: 3/4 rounded, 1/4 pointy
Po pointy = aa
Po rounded = AA
F1 rounded = Aa
F2 pointy = aa
F2 rounded = AA, Aa
111
if a mendelian cross is performed reciprocally, is the outcome the same or different, why?
same, each parent contributes equal amounts of genetic material towards offspring. The f1 would still be heterozygous
112
Po Line x square
F1 oval shaped
F2 1/4, 1/2, 1/4
what mode of inheritance explains this pattern?
Incomplete/Co
113
what mode of inheritance explains this pattern?
Po red x blue
F1 purple
incomplete dominance
114
what mode of inheritance explains this pattern?
Po red x blue
F1 red blue spotted
Co-dominance
115
Po Line x square
F1 oval shaped
F2 1/4 line, 1/2 oval, 1/4 square
what are the probable genotypes for the following?
Po line = AA
Po square = aa
F1 oval = Aa
F2 line = AA
F2 oval = Aa
F2 square = aa
116
explain why the phenotype of the F1 generation is unlike either of the parents in the Po generation
Po Line x square
F1 oval shaped
F2 1/4 line, 1/2 oval, 1/4 square
incomplete dominance = the oval is an intermediate of the line + square due to a single "dose" of gene product
co-dominance = the oval is the result of two different enzymes
117
what is one basic tenet of mendels theory of segregation?
hereditary units occur in pairs called alleles
alleles may or may not be the same
the two alleles segregate from one another during transmission from parent to offspring
females + males contribute equally to the offspring
118
which of mendels laws is demonstrated by a 9:3:3:1 f2 ratio?
independent assortment
119
Po: 2 eyes, point x one eye, round
F1: All have 2 eyes and pointy
F2: 9/16 2 eyes, pointy
3/16 2 eyes, round
3/16 1 eye, pointy
1/16, 1 eye, round
predict reasonable genotypes for each gen
Po 2 eyes, pointy: AABB
Po 1 eye, round: aabb
F1 2 eyes, pointy: AaBb
f2 2 eyes, pointy: A_B_
2 eyes, round: A_bb
1 eye, point: aaB_
1 eye, round: aabb
120
what ratio would be observed instead of a 9:3:3:1 had the two genes been linked?
the parental types would be predominate, there would not be a 9:3:3:1 ratio. if the ratio is at all different, then the genes are linked
121
Po straight x triangular
F1 all triangular
F2 9/16 triangular
7/16 straight
what mode of inheritance best explains this pattern?
Epistasis
122
Po straight x triangular
F1 all triangular
F2 9/16 triangular
7/16 straight
predict reasonable genotypes
Po straight = aabb
Po triangular = AABB
F1 triangular = AaBb
F2 straight = A_bb, aabb, aaB_
F2 triangular = A_B_
123
what is epistasis?
two genes contributing towards one trait
124
how could two genes contribute to one trait?
the phenotype is created through a metabolic pathway
BIO 1010
flashcards
Decks in class (11)
# Cards
