Year 12 2026 > BIO MOD5 > Flashcards

BIO MOD5 Flashcards

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1
Q

List 3 advantages of asexual reproduction

A
  1. Fast reproduction = greater mutation rate e.g. antibiotic resistance
  2. Better in a more stable environment
    Less energy; no need to make gametes (sex cells, no need to find a mate)
  3. Favourable genetic combinations maintained
  4. Out competes others due to rapid reproduction
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2
Q

Name a disadvantage of asexual reproduction

A
  1. Less genetic diversity: lower evolutionary potential. More likely to die if the environment changes
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3
Q

List 3 advantages of sexual reproduction

A
  1. Greater genetic diversity: greater evolutionary potential, species more likely to survive if change to the environment occurs.
  2. Less risky, young are more likely to survive
  3. Populations are better able to adapt to evolutionary change
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4
Q

List 3 disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A
  1. Slower: takes time to find a mate
  2. Bad for isolated species:as they can’t find a mate
  3. Energy consuming: energy is needed to create gametes and to find a mate
  4. Can break up favourable genetic combinations and result in recessive genetic disorders
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5
Q

What’s the endometrium?

A

The uterine lining

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6
Q

What’s a gonad?

A

The ovaries or the testes

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7
Q

What’s a diploid?

A

Twice the number of chromosomes

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8
Q

What’s a haploid?

A

Half the number of chromosomes

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9
Q

What’s a gamete?

A

A sex cell that undergoes meiosis

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10
Q

Explain meiosis

A

Meiosis is a special type of cell division that produces four genetically unique daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell

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11
Q

What’s a somatic cell?

A

All body cells sex cells, thaey reproduce using mitosis

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12
Q

What’s a zygote?

A

A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.

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13
Q

How does implantation occur?

A

Implantation occurs when the fertilised egg (zygote) divides by mitosis to form a small ball of cells called a blastocyst after about 5 days

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14
Q

Where does the blastocyst travel to?

A

The blastocyst travels through the fallopian tubes to the uterus

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15
Q

Where does the blastocyst implant?

A

The blastocyst implants into the endometrium of the uterine wall

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16
Q

What hormone is then produced, and why?

A

The outer layer of the zygote, known as the corpus luteum, produces oestrogen signalling to the uterine lining to maintain its thickness (preventing periods from occuring as this would require shedding)

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17
Q

What are the four steps to fertilisation?

A
  1. Sperm uses enzymes to penetrate the protective layer surrounding the egg to reach the cell membrane
  2. Molecules on the sperm’s surface bind to receptors on the egg’s cell membrane to ensure that a sperm of the same species fertilises the egg, then the nucleus of the sperm enters the cytoplasm in the egg cell
  3. Changes at the surface of the egg occur to prevent the entry of multiple nuclei into the egg
  4. Fusion of the haploid egg and sperm nuclei results in a diploid zygote cell (the fertilised egg)
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18
Q

What are the four steps to implantation?

A
  1. Zygote travels down oviduct until it reaches the uterus
  2. Embryonic development has begun
  3. Embryo reaches uterus, ready for implantation, it is known as a blastocyst and looks like a ball of cells
  4. Blastocyst implants into the endometrium (uterine lining)
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19
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

A small part of the brain that acts as the control centre

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20
Q

What hormones are used when giving birth?

A

Oxytocin and prostaglandins are involved in the stimulation of contractions

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21
Q

What are immature egg cells you’re born with called?

A

Oocytes, which are already in the ovaries

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22
Q

What hormones control the completion of meiosis during puberty?

A

Pituitary hormones

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23
Q

What is FSH & the Luteinising hormone (LH) produced by?

A

The pituitary gland

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24
Q

Where does FSH & LH go to?

A

Ovaries in females, testes in males

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25
What does FSH do?
stimulates the growth of eggs in females and sperm production in males
26
What does LH do?
In females, it triggers ovulation and stimulates the ovaries to produce oestrogen and progesterone
27
What is Oestrogen produced by?
The ovaries, adrenal glands & fat tissue
28
Where does Oestrogen go to?
The breast, endometrium, bone, brain, liver, and heart.
29
What does Oestrogen do?
Plays a crucial role in female reproductive development, including puberty, the menstrual cycle, and fertility
30
What is progesterone produced by?
The ovaries, adrenal glands, and during pregnancy, the placenta
31
Where does progesterone go to?
The endometrium (uterine lining) to prepare it for pregnancy
32
What does progesterone do?
Prepares the uterus for pregnancy by thickening the uterine lining and preventing uterine contractions
33
What is oxytocin produced by?
The hypothalamus and stored and released by the posterior pituitary gland
34
Where does oxytocin go?
The myoepithelial cells (smooth muscle) of the breast and the smooth muscle cells of the uterus
35
What does oxytocin do?
Stimulates uterine contractions for childbirth and triggering milk release for breastfeeding
36
What are the 3 main phases of the ovarian cycle?
1. follicular phase 2. Ovulation 3. The luteal phase
37
What hormone is produced in preparation for birth?
Oestrogen, which causes the endometrium (uterine lining) to thicken in preparation for a possible pregnancy
38
What are the male reproductive parts of a flower?
The stamen, which consists of the anther, which produces pollen, and the filament, which supports it.
39
When in the ovarian cycle does ovulation occur?
Roughly midway (around day 14 in a 28-day cycle)
40
Outline the ovulation phase
Ovulation is when a mature egg is released from an ovary
41
Outline the luteal phase
The luteal phase is the second half of the menstrual cycle, occurring after ovulation and before your next period. Its main purpose is to prepare the uterus for a potential pregnancy by thickening the uterine lining. During this time, progesterone levels increase, which can lead to premenstrual symptoms.
42
If humans have eggs & sperm, what do fungi have?
Spores
43
What is budding, simply put?
Meiosis
44
Does fungi reproduce sexually or asexually?
Both!
45
What is binary fission, simply put?
Mitosis
46
How can bacteria swap DNA to increase their genetic diversity?
Through; 1. Conjugation (genetic material transferred via direct contact between bacteria) 2. Transformation (picking up genetic material from their environment, etc. dead bacteria providing DNA for others) 3. Transduction (via viruses that can be passed on to infect other bacteria).
47
What do you call a flowering plant?
An angiosperm
48
Do plants reproduce sexually or asexually?
Both!
49
From sexual reproduction, what do flowering plants produce?
Seeds
50
What are the female reproductive parts of a flower?
The pistil or carpel. The pistil is made of the stigma, which receives pollen; the style (a stalk that connects the stigma to the ovary), and the ovary, which contains the ovules (female gametes)
51
How does fertilisation in plants work?
When the pollen (male gamete) is transferred to the ovum (female gamete)
52
How long does it take for a follicle to develop in the ovary?
Between 10–21 days
53
Outline the follicular phase
The follicular phase is the first stage of the menstrual cycle, where the body prepares for potential pregnancy by maturing an egg. It begins on the first day of your period and lasts until ovulation
54
How do protists reproduce?
Via budding AND binary fission
55
What is hybridisation?
Combining different species to get hybrids with new characteristics & combinations For, higher yield + more disease resistant
56
What is gene linkage?
Traits selected inadvertently (not intentionally) as they are on the same chromosomes as a desired trait e.g hair and eye colour being related (blonde hair + blue eyes or brown hair + brown eyes)
57
What is polyploidy?
A condition where an organism has more than 2 sets of chromosomes, usually sterile (can’t reproduce, lower fertility rates) e.g lack of seeds.
58
What are the special proteins genes are switched on by called?
Transcription factors: they control which genes are transcribed by binding to a specific DNA sequence (binding to the promoter region)
59
What is gene expression?
The process of using information in a gene to create a protein or RNA molecule.
60
What does monoculture mean?
Cloning
61
What is a germ line mutation?
A mutation that will affect the DNA of their offspring, but not themselves as this only affects sperm or egg
62
What is a somatic cell mutation?
A mutation that will affect the host, but not their offspring
63
What is the difference between Purines and Pyrimidines?
Purines = double-ringed Pyrimidines = single-ringed
64
What is the difference between a chromatid and a chromatin?
Chromatins - DNA wrapped around proteins to keep organised Chromatids - one of two identical halves of a replicated chromosome.
65
What does semi-conservative mean?
1 original strand + 1 new strand
66
What's a plasmid?
A small circle of DNA some prokaryotes possess
67
Name the 3 types of chromosomal mutations
1. Deletion 2. Inversion 3. Translocation
68
What does autosomal mean?
Something that's on chromsomes 1-23, excluding sex chromosomes
69
What are autosomes?
Non-sex chromosomes
70
Does sex linkage sit on the X or Y chromosome?
X only, as both males and females have at least one + it's much larger
71
What is a karyotype?
A karyotype is a visual profile of a person's chromosomes, which shows their number, size, and shape
72
What's another name for a fertilised egg?
A zygote
73
What is meant by 'biotechnology' ?
It's when scientists deliberately change DNA
74
What is 'A' paired with in mRNA
'U'
75
Year 12 2026
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