bio module 6-9

Question 1

vesicles

Answer 1

small membrane-enclosed sacs that transport substances within a cell or from the interior to the exterior of the cell (form by budding from an organelle)

Question 2

nucleus

Answer 2

intermost organelle of the endomembrane system, store DNA

Question 3

nuclear envelope

Answer 3

defines the boundary of the nucleus (inner and outer membrane, both include a lipid bilayer)

Question 4

nuclear pores

Answer 4

large protein complexes with an inner passageway that regulate which molecules move into and out of the nucleus (essential for communication)

Question 5

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 5

studded with ribosomes, site of protein synthesis (creating proteins from genetic information)

Question 6

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 6

the site of fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis, produces large amounts of cholesterol

Question 7

Golgi apparatus

Answer 7

modifies and sorts proteins and lipids

Question 8

vesicles

Answer 8

the primary means by which proteins and lipids move through the golgi apparatus

Question 9

glycosylation

Answer 9

a chemical modification in the Golgi apparatus, sugars are covalently linked to lipids or proteins

Question 10

lysosomes

Answer 10

vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus, recycle damaged or unneeded macromolecules, involved in programmed cell death

Question 11

programmed cell death =

Answer 11

apoptosis

Question 12

transmembrane pumps

Answer 12

keep the internal environment at an acidic pH of about 5

Question 13

mitochondria

Answer 13

organelles that harness energy from organic molecules (carbohydrates), contain their own DNA, and can grow and multiply independently (site of cellular respiration) (have an inner and outer membrane)

Question 14

adenosine triphosphate

Answer 14

energy stored in a chemical form that is released during chemical reactions

Question 15

cellular respiration

Answer 15

oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is released

Question 16

chloroplasts

Answer 16

capture the energy of sunlight to synthesize simple sugars, plant cells and green algae have these organelles

Question 17

photosynthesis

Answer 17

capturing sunlight to synthesize into simple sugars, carbon dioxide is consumed and oxygen is released

Question 18

thylakoid membrane

Answer 18

contains light-collecting molecules called pigments, which chlorophyll is most important for

Question 19

cytoskeleton

Answer 19

provides internal support for cells and tracks within cells for the transport of vesicles and other organelles, all cells have it

Question 20

cell wall

Answer 20

held by plants, fungi, bacteria, algae, and some archaea cells, provides structural support and size for the cell (made up of carbohydrates and proteins)

Question 21

vacuole

Answer 21

absorbs water and contributes to turgor pressure, store nutrients, ions, and wastes

Question 22

turgor pressure

Answer 22

builds as a result of water moving into cells surrounded by a cell wall

Question 23

polysaccharide cellulose

Answer 23

main component of the plant cell wall

Question 24

cellulose

Answer 24

most abundant and widespread organic molecule on earth

Question 25

ATP

Answer 25

energy for the cell, volume of the cell but modified by the surface area

Question 26

surface area

Answer 26

the measure of the outer surface of the cell, a way for cells to get the nutrients and substances they need

Question 27

net movement

Answer 27

the movement of substances from a higher concentration to a lower concentration because of net movement (also known as diffusion) only stops when two regions achieve equal concentrations

Question 28

diffusion

Answer 28

movement from higher concentration to lower concentration, bring in molecules they require and remove wastes (reason why bacteria cells tend to be small) (only effective over small distances)

Question 29

bulk flow

Answer 29

the movement of a fluid driven by pressure differences, distributes nutrients throughout the body (brings in much more air than possible by diffusion) operates in plants

Question 30

amphipathic

Answer 30

both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions