Bio Modules 5-7

Question 1

What is phosphorylation?

Answer 1

It’s the transfer of energy when a phosphate group is moved between molecules.

Question 2

What is a pigment?

Answer 2

An organic compound giving a specific color to plant/animal cells.

Question 3

What is a thylakoid?

Answer 3

A disk shaped sac suspended in the stroma of chloroplasts.

Question 4

Define grana

Answer 4

Stacks of thylakoids.

Question 5

What is the difference between aerobic and anerobic?

Answer 5

Aerobic means “requiring oxygen” and anerobic means “without oxygen”

Question 6

What is the primary source of energy in plants and animals?

Answer 6

The sun.

Question 7

Why do cells need energy?

Answer 7

To carry out their functions.

Question 8

What type of work occurs in cells?

Answer 8

Mechanical, chemical, and transport

Question 9

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 9

Adenosine triphosphate.

Question 10

What is ATP made up of?

Answer 10

A nitrogenous base, ribose, and three phosphate groups.

Question 11

Where is the energy contained in ATP?

Answer 11

In the high energy bonds between the three phosphate groups.

Question 12

ATP has more energy than ADP, why?

Answer 12

Because ATP has an extra phosphate group.

Question 13

Why do cells use both glucose and ATP?

Answer 13

For different roles in energy management.

Question 14

Name a benefit of each glucose and ATP.

Answer 14

Glucose: energy storage. ATP: instant energy release.

Question 15

What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Answer 15

The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration.

Question 16

What are the products of photosynthesis?

Answer 16

C6 H12 O6 + O2

Question 17

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

Answer 17

CO2 + H2O + light

Question 18

What are the products of cellular repsiration?

Answer 18

CO2 + H2O + energy

Question 19

What are the reactants of cellular respiration?

Answer 19

C6 H12 O6 + O2

Question 20

In what type of cell does photosynthesis occur?

Answer 20

Plant cells.

Question 21

In what part of the cell does photosynthesis take place?

Answer 21

The chloroplast.

Question 22

Define genetics.

Answer 22

Science that studies how characteristics are passed down from parent to offspring.

Question 23

Define chromosome.

Answer 23

Threads of chromatin found in the nucleus of the cell.

Question 24

Define chromatin.

Answer 24

Strands of DNA and proteins in the nucleus of a cell.

Question 25

Define mitosis.

Answer 25

The process of asexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells.

Question 26

Define meiosis.

Answer 26

The process by which a diploid cell forms gametes.

Question 27

Define gamete and give an example of one.

Answer 27

Haploid cells formed by diploid cells. Any of these examples work: Sperm/Egg/Ovum

Question 28

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 28

Deoxyribonucleic acid.

Question 29

What does DNA contain?

Answer 29

Genetic information.

Question 30

Where in the cell can DNA be found?

Answer 30

In the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

Question 31

What is DNA made up of?

Answer 31

Deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

Question 32

What is the shape of DNA?

Answer 32

A double helix and a sugar-phosphate backbone.

Question 33

How is DNA's shape different from RNA's shape?

Answer 33

DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded.

Question 34

How many different nitrogenous bases occur in DNA?

Answer 34

Four. (ATCG) Adenine, Thymine, Cytonine, and Guanine.

Question 35

Which nitrogenous bases of DNA pair together?

Answer 35

Adenine and Thymine pair together unless it's in RNA (then it's Urasil), and Cytonine and Guanine always pair together.

Question 36

What factors express which traits/characteristics are expressed?

Answer 36

Genetic makeup and the environment.

Question 37

How many pairs of chromosomes are found in human DNA?

Answer 37

23.

Question 38

How many identical chromosomes are found in human DNA?

Answer 38

46.

Question 39

What is DNA replication?

Answer 39

The process by which two identical DNA molecules are produced from one original DNA molecule.

Question 40

What are the phases of mitosis?

Answer 40

Prophase. Metaphase. Anaphase. Telophase. "PMAT"

Question 41

What happens in each phase of mitosis?

Answer 41

In Prophase, chromatins condense into chromosomes and centromeres go to opposite sides. Spindles form. In Metaphase, chromosomes line up in the middle. In Anaphase, sister chromatids separate to each end. In Telophase, spindles disintegrate.

Question 42

How many cells are produced by the process of mitosis?

Answer 42

Two.

Question 43

What are the phases of meiosis?

Answer 43

Prophase I. Metaphase I. Anaphase I. Telophase I. "PMAT I"

Question 44

What happens in each phase of meiosis?

Answer 44

In Prophase I, Chromosomes condense. Centrioles go to opposite sides. Crossing over occurs. In Metaphase I, spindles form and chromosomes line up. In Anaphase I, chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles. In Telophase I, chromosomes gather and cytoplasm divides.

Question 45

How many cells are produced by the process of meiosis?

Answer 45

Four.

Question 46

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 46

Mitosis produces two body cells and meiosis produces four body cells.

Question 47

How many VIABLE male gametes (sperm) are produced at the completion of meiosis?

Answer 47

Four.

Question 48

How many VIABLE female gametes (ovums/eggs) are produced at the completion of meiosis?

Answer 48

One.

Question 49

The cell cycle consists of what two stages?

Answer 49

Interphase and mitotic phase.

Question 50

What is the difference between diploid and haploid cells?

Answer 50

Diploid cells have two sets chromosomes, while haploid cells only have half that number.

Question 51

What did Gregor Mendel discover?

Answer 51

The principles of heredity.

Question 52

What is the purpose of a pedigree?

Answer 52

To visually trace the inheritance of a specific trait.

Question 53

What are Mendel's principles of heredity?

Answer 53

1. The traits of an organism are determined by packets of info. 2. Each organism has two alleles that make up its genotype. 3. Each parent contributes one allele to the offspring. 4. The phenotype is determined by the dominant allele (if there is one).

Question 54

What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?

Answer 54

A genotype is a two letter abbreviation for alleles, and a phenotype is the expressed trait in an organism.

Question 55

What is the law of independent assortment?

Answer 55

Genes for different traits are sorted independently of one another.

Question 56

What is a sex-linked trait?

Answer 56

A characteristic determined by the genes on the sex chromosomes.

Question 57

What are some examples of diseases that are caused by either a genetic mutation or inherited trait?

Answer 57

Hemophilia (blood disease), Down syndrome.

Question 58

Define homozygous.

Answer 58

Homo means same. Homozygous means having two identical alleles.

Question 58

Define heterozygous.

Answer 58

Hetero means different. Heterozygous means having two different alleles.