bio molecules

Question 1

how many elements are needed for humans

Answer 1

25

Question 2

how many elements are needed for plants

Answer 2

17

Question 3

what are the major elements and what is it ‘s percentage

Answer 3

C, H , N, O
96%

Question 4

what makes water vital for the living

Answer 4

it is an inorganic molecuel
1.it being a vital constituent in the living
2.it being an important biological mediem

Question 5

explain the chemical nature of the water molecule

Answer 5

1. small -
   2.angular - 104.5
   3.polar - is the uneven charge distribution in the molecule

hydrygon bonds are a vital part in maintaining the propoties of water . - it is the weak attractions between the slightly negative oxygen atom of one water molecule and slightly positive H atom .

Question 6

list the physical properties of water and explain it .

Answer 6

1.cohesive behaviour
- attractions between water molecules due to hydrygon bonds
- it helps in transportation in the xylem
-water has a high surface tension - the upper molecules attract bottom molecules - help the water skater walk on water .

2. expansion upon freezing
   - when temperature reached 4 degrees C it will strat crystals .

3.ability to medierate temperature
- high heat of vaporization - the ability to realise large amounts of heat with min loss of water .
- high specific heat capacity - ability to absorb and realse heat with minimum core temperature change. - it acts as a thermal buffer

4.versitility as a solvent
- ionic - NaCl
- polar - glucose
- ionic polar - lysosomes
this features depends on the polarity .

Question 7

what is the most abundent organic molecule

Answer 7

carbohydrates

Question 8

what is the general formular for carbs

Answer 8

CX(H2O)y

Question 9

classification of mono accoding to no of carbon atoms and the examples

Answer 9

3c - triose - glycereldyde
4c - tetrose - erthyrose
5c- pentose - ribulose , ribose , deoxyribose
6c- hexose - glucose , fructose , galactose
7c - heptose

Question 10

classification of mono accroding to the carbonyl group

Answer 10

ketose - fructose
aldose - glucose , galactose

Question 11

What is the general formula for mono

Answer 11

(CH2O)n

Question 12

what are the 3 major functions of mono

Answer 12

1.as an energy source
2.components of neulcic acids
3.building blocks for disaccarides

Question 13

what is the bond type in carbohydrates ?

Answer 13

glycosidic bond

Question 14

what is the monomor of the following
1. maltose
2.sucrose
3.lactose
write the equation

Answer 14

1.glucose
2.fructose
3.galactose

the monomor always binds with glucose.
this produce a water molecule .

Question 15

what is the non reducing sugar in both mono and di

Answer 15

sucrose

Question 16

what are the 3 major functions of di

Answer 16

1.as an energy source
2.translocation in phloem
3.storage sugar in milk

Question 17

3 major characteristics of poly

Answer 17

1.not sweet
2.non reducing
3.insoluble in water
they are macromolecules and bipolymers .
A biopolymer is a specific type of macromolecule produced by living organism .
Biopolymers have a specific biological function .

Question 18

classify poly according to the function . name their monomer and function too.

Answer 18

storage
1. starch - glucose - plant and chlorophyte storage
2.glycogen - glucose - animel storage
3.inulin - fructose - dahalia tubers

structural
1.cellulose - glucose - cell wall of plants and cholorophytes
2.hemicellulose - hexose and pentose - cell wall
3.pectin - galacturonic acid - middle lamella of plant tissues
4.chitin - glycosamine - fungel cell wall , exoskeleton of arthropods .

Question 19

classify poly according to it’s architecture .

Answer 19

linear - cellulose , amylose
branched - glycogen , amylopectin , hemicellulose .

Question 20

true or false
1.lipids are hydrophobic
2.they are macromolecules and biopolymers
3.their H:O ratio is 2:1

Answer 20

1.true - the fatty acids contribute to this nature .
2.false
3.false - there are more H that O , even though not 2:1 .

Question 21

what are the 3 types of lipids

Answer 21

fats , phospolipids , steroids

Question 22

how many C atoms are present in a glycorol molecule

Answer 22

3

Question 22

classify fats acording to the nature of the hydrocarbon chains

Answer 22

1.saturated fats - the hydrocarbon chain has not double bonds . this is usualy animel fats- butter . solid at room temp.

2.unsaturated fats - the hydrocarbon chain has one or more double bonds . this is usualy plant fats - vejetable oil . liqued at room temp.

this is divided into cis and transunsaturated fats according to the nature of the double bonds

Question 23

overconsumption of what will lead to atherosclerosis ?

Answer 23

trans unsaturated and saturated fats .

Question 24

how many fatty acids bind to a glycerol molecule to form a triacylaglycerol

Answer 24

3

Question 24

what is the bond type by which fatty acids bind to the glycerol ?

Answer 24

ester bonds

Question 25

what is the polar molecule that bind to the phospolid molecule ?

Answer 25

choline molecule

Question 25

what is the compostion of molecules in a phospolipid ?

Answer 25

1.2 fatty acid molecules. 2.1 glycerol molecuel 3.1 choline molecule 4.one phospate group

Question 25

what is the charge of the phospolipid molecule ?and what gives it that charge ?

Answer 25

the molecuel is negetivly charged the phospate group.

Question 26

what is the monomor of fats ?

Answer 26

triglycerol - 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules .

Question 26

what are the major functions of lipids

Answer 26

1.energy source - fats and oils 2.to mantain the fludity of the plasma membrane - phospolipids and cholesterol . 3.as signalling molecules - hormones 4.components of the cell membrane - phospolipids and cholesterol .

Question 27

what gives lipids it's hydrophobic nature ?

Answer 27

the long hydocarbon chains

Question 28

list down the importences of the physical and chemical propoties of water .

Answer 28

1.being small - can reach small locations of the body 2.being polar - can dissolve many substences . 3.cohesive and adhesive bonds - transpotation in the xylem and pholem . 4.expansion upon freezing - when lakes freeze during the winter in polar regions it keeps the water layer underneath the ice layer liqued and warm , this helps maintain life . 5.ability to moderate temp. - helps in sweating , transpiration , and acts as a thermal buffer .

Question 29

what is the monomor of protienes

Answer 29

amino acids

Question 29

how many amino acids are present

Answer 29

20

Question 30

what gives the amino acid molecule it's amphoteric nature ?

Answer 30

the carboxyl group is acidic and the amino group is alkiline

Question 30

what amino acid has a symetric carbon ?

Answer 30

glyceine

Question 30

what is the reaction of the binding of 2 amio acids and what bond is formed ?

Answer 30

condensation , peptide bond

Question 31

what are the levels of structures of protines ?

Answer 31

primery secondary tertiary queaternary

Question 32

define primery structures

Answer 32

the amino acids are arranged linearly joined by peptide bonds

Question 33

what is the elemental composition of the bio molecuels

Answer 33

carbs - C HO lipids - C H O protines - C H O N S neuclic acids - C H O N P

Question 34

define the primery structure of protines

Answer 34

a long chain of linearly arranged amino acids joined by peptide bonds .

Question 34

what are the sulpher containing amino acids ?

Answer 34

cysteine methionine

Question 35

how is the secondary structure of protines formed ?

Answer 35

the primery structure is coiled and folded by intra molecular bonds between the H of the amino group and the O of the carboxyl group

Question 35

what are the examples are secondary protienes ?

Answer 35

alpha helix - keretin beta pleated sheet - spiders silk fiber

Question 36

how is the tertiary structure of protines formed ?

Answer 36

the secondary structure coils and fold extensivly forming a compact , unique , functional and 3d shape amino acid by bonds

Question 36

what are the expamples for tertiary protines ?

Answer 36

most of the enzymes , myoglobin , albumin

Question 37

what are the types of bonds in tertiary protiens ?

Answer 37

H bonds van der waal bonds disuphide bonds - strong ionic bonds

Question 38

how are quaternary protiens formed ?

Answer 38

several poly peptide chains bind by inta and inter molecular bonds and form one functional protien . one peptide chain is a sub unit .

Question 39

explamples for quaternay protines

Answer 39

heamoglobin , collegen

Question 39

define the denaturation of protines

Answer 39

the loss of the specific 3d shape of an amino acid due to the alteration of the weak chemical bonds and interactions .

Question 39

what are the factors affecting the denaturation of protiens ?

Answer 39

1.very high tempratures and high radiation 2.organic solvents and detergents 3.strong acids and alkilines and salts 4.heavy metals

Question 40

what are the examples for these protines and their functions . 1.catalytic -1 2.structural -2 3.storage -2 4.transport -2 5.hormones - 2 6.motor /contactile - 2 7.defensive - 1

Answer 40

1.pepsin , amylase - catalzy bio chemical reactions 2.keretin - prevent dessication collegen - provide strenght and support 3.caesin - strage protine in milk ovalbumin - storage protine in eggs 4.serum albumin - transport fatty acids hemoglobin - transport O2 and CO2 5.insulin - glucose --> glycogen glucagon - glycogen --> glucose 6.actin and myosin - contraction of muscell fibers 7.immunoglobulin - neutralze foringe bodies in the organism .