BIO T2 Flashcards

Question

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 1

Membranous network involved in lipid synthesis, regulation of calcium and metabolism of carbohydrates

Answer 2

Contains enzymes to remove waste

Answer 3

Within the nucleus composed of proteins and nucleic acids

Answer 4

Sorts and chemically modifies proteins for specific uses

Answer 5

Made up a of different types of tube-like structures responsible for maintaining shape of cell

Answer 6

Ribonucleic acids and proteins in the cytoplasm involved in manufacture of proteins

Answer 7

Research field in which particular cells are stimulated through light * Psychiatric and medical disorders (narcolepsy) because controlling excitatory and inhibitory functions can be seen/measured

Answer 8

The end bulb of each dendrite releases chemicals and electrical signals to communicate with other neurons or cells via their postsynaptic bulbs

Answer 9

Determines function and connective strength more area covered more informational input and output *

Answer 10

Glia (etym. Glue of neurons old) outnumber neurons in the cerebral cortex, but neurons outnumber glia in several other brain areas (cerebellum)

Answer 11

Synapses = junctions between neurons allowing communicationelectrical synapses = fast but rarely in the brainchemical synapses: most common in the brain; slow in signalling, but more diverse functions

Answer 12

chemical messengers that allow the transmission of signals across chemical synapses

Answer 13

Dendrites, soma (cell body), axon, and presynaptic endings

Answer 14

viruses> Rabies, spirochete → syphilis Actively transported: * Glucose (fuel)amino acids (protein building blocks) * Water: through protein channels in the plasma membrane of endothelial cells purines, choline, a few vitamins, iron, hormones and insulin* *

Answer 15

the mechanism that excludes most chemicals from the vertebrate brain is needed because neurons cannot be replaced. When there is an infection there antibodies could potentially distroy neurons like they do in other parts of the body but skin cells or blood cells can be renewed.

Answer 16

endothelial cells that form the walls of the capillaries, which do not let viruses nor nutrients pass depending on their ability to dissolve

Answer 17

fat-soluble molecules (vitamins, drugs), small uncharged molecules oxygen & carbon dioxide

Answer 18

Capillary walls are weakenedTreatment molecules cannot pass

Answer 19

25% of body’s glucose, 20% of oxygen because of energy metabolisation;

Answer 20

glucose is the only nutrient that crosses the blood–brain barrier in large quantities

Answer 21

from many kinds of carbohydrates and amino acids, as well as from glycerol, a breakdown product from fats but the issue then becomes the lack of vitamin B (thiamine)

Answer 22

leads to death of neurons and a condition called Korsakoff’s syndrome, marked by severe memory impairments. (common in alcoholism)

Answer 23

30 times slower

Answer 24

Infection, trauma, stroke

Answer 25

Astrocytes attach to blood vessels and inducing their endothelial cells to form tight junctions that reinforce the blood-brain barrier and prevent moluclues passing into the cerebral fluid

Answer 26

regulate abnormal accumulation of extracellular potassium ions→ link to epileptic activity

Answer 27

transports three sodium ions out of the cell while drawing two potassium ions into the cell → sodium 10x outside the cell

Answer 28

Being positively charged, the potassium leak through the membrane even when the gates are shut which increases the electrical gradient

Answer 29

Sodium (positive Na+) more concentrated outside but negative electrical gradient to the insidePotassium (K+) more concentrated inside so wants to leave but electrical gradient draws them back → almost balanced

Answer 30

resting potential prepares the neuron to respond rapidly

Answer 31

Calcium, sodium channels and potassium channels open → potassium are not girlbosses so nothing happens → sodium channels open so sodium rushes into the axon → positive charge propergates → sodium is me in therapy (shuts down) at the peak of depolarisation but potassium channels stay opened and potassium flows out → depolarised and potassium channels close

Answer 32

1.At the start, sodium ions are mostly outside the neuron, and potassium ions are mostly inside. 2. When the membrane is depolarized, sodium and potassium channels in the membrane open. 3. At the peak of the action potential, the sodium channels close.

Answer 33

Saves energy by only letting sodium ions into the nodes of the myelinated part and not at every point of the axon

Answer 34

A: the immune system attacks myelin sheaths → impairments in conducting action potentials and various symptoms including visual impairments and poor muscle coordination.

Answer 35

Needed for the trade-off between stimulated muscles and the rest * Sensory input in one part leads to EPSP → to counterbalance

Answer 36

<15m/s while axon communication is 40m/s * Interneuronal space communication slows speed down → synapses are responsible

Answer 37

Repeated stimuli in short time accumulates → graded potential is created (EPSP/depolarisation) → exceeds the threshold in the postsynaptic neuron if not the excitation decays over time

Answer 38

Synaptic input from different locations synchronised (different sensory axons) → EPSP can sum up

Answer 39

Summation effects vary on the order of sensory input

Answer 40

Inhibitory synapses are a testament of the connections at the spinal chord (when EPSP is triggered in one part an IPSP needs to occur somewhere else) and that muscles counterbalance each other*

Answer 41

Postsynaptic cell needs to be hyperpolarised → +potassium channels open and + leaves the cell → or -choloride ions enter the cell *

Answer 42

Loewi stimulated a frogs vagus nerve → slows heartbeat and then transferred the fluid around the heart to another frog also slowed heart in second frog → most synapse communicate chemically

Answer 43

Neuron synthesises chemicals → neurotransmitters → also in axon terminals/ neuropeptides in cell body → action potential propagates and calcium releases neurotransmitters in the terminals into the synaptic cleft → travel to the postsynaptic neuron → neurotransmitter separate from receptors and are potentially returned to presynaptic neuron → postsynaptic neuron communicates with presynapse to control neurotransmitters

Answer 44

Chemicals produced and released by neurons around 100 most shared gaba is the oldest;

Answer 45

Monoamine oxidase enzyme inhibiting the production of neurons that release serotonin, dopamine, or norepinephrine by breaking them into nonfuctioning units → used as basis for antidepressants

Answer 46

Glutamate * most inhibitory ionotropic synapses function with GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), opening chloride gates to have -chloride in the cells * Glycine mostly in spinal cordAcetycholine mostly excitatory ionotropic synapses

Answer 47

Sequence of metabolic effects after 30ms not 5ms: smell, pain,taste, arousal, emotion Don’t depend on GABA or glutamine, but a lot of different NTs First messenger aka NT binds at receptor → otherside connected with a guanosine triphosphate G-protein releases energy → more second messengers

Answer 48

Neuromodulators different function to neurotransmitters, similar to hormones in producing longer lasting effects by alterning gene activity

Answer 49

Acetylcholine GABA Serotonine Dopamine Norepinephrine Epinephrine

Answer 50

* Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) * Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

BIO T2 Flashcards

(74 cards)