what are the 6 phases of the cell cycle
- interphase
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
- cytokinesis
(phases 2-5 is the division process broken up into four parts and called mitosis)
explain interphase
- longest phase
- inbetween cell divisions
- carries out all life activities (growth, cellualr respiration, speciallized fentins)
- deoxybronocleric acid (DNA) is replicated into a second copy
explain prophase
- chromatin, in the nucleus of parent cell condense into sister chromatids, which allow them to become visible under optical microscopes.
- Humans have 46 chromosomes.
explain metaphase
- Spindle fibres push sister chromatids to the middle (equator) of the parent cell
explain anaphase
- The sister chromatids are now each called daughter chromosomes
- Spindle fibres pull the daughter chromosomes toward the poles (opposite ends of the parent cell).
explain telophase
- ## Daughter chromosomes unwind at the poles and become invisible in an optical microscope.
explain cytokinesis
- final stage
- cytoplasm divides producing two identical daughter cells
in animal cells: cytoplasm is pinched between two daughter cells
in plant cells: new cell wall is built between two daughter cells
explain uncontrolled mitosis
- specialized proteins moniter/regulate cell division, protein is built by blueprints stored in DNA
- errors in DNA can result in proteins not being built, change can lead cells to uncontrollably go through mitosis
- errors in DNA
what are the two kinds of factors for uncontrolled mitosis
hereditary: genetic mutations passed through family
enviornmental: genetic mutations by exposure to enviornmental factors (radiation, ultraviolet light, etc)
- cancer is not contagious, neither is mitosis
what are the two types of growth for tumours
benign: non-cancerous tumour that doesnt affect surrounded cells besides crowding them
malignant: cancerous cells that affect surounding cell
what are the kinds of cells that leave malignant tumours and start a secondary tumour elsewhere
metastatic
what are causes of cancer
- cells are constantly dividing so an error in replicationj
- mutations are random changes in DNA
what are envionmental causes of cancer
- carcinogens
such as:
- componants of tobbaco smoke
-high energy radiations (eg, x-ray, uv, etc)
- viruses (eg. HPV, hepititus b, etc)
- certain chemicals (eg. BPA, organic solutants, etc)
what are different kinds of cancer screenings
- be aware of changes in your body, check for cancer even with no symptoms
- can be done at home or with family/speciallized physician
~ mamogram, pap test, self testicular exam, skin exam, and blood tests
what are forms of cancer treatments
- surgery- if easily accesible/well-defined
- radiation- focasing high-energy light to kill cells
- chemotherepy- injection of chemical agents into entire body to target/kill all rapidly dividing cell types (cancer, hairline follicle, gl cells, bone marrow, etc)
explain cell specialization
- all multicellular organisms are composed primarily of specialized cells with features allowing them to perform particular functions
eg. red blood cells bind O2 molecules and transport them throughout blood
- they serve one primary function instead of doing everything an organsim needs to stay alive
-cells stem different parts of DNA to determine what cell it needs to become
what are pluripotent stem cells
can be differentiated, after finding its role its impossible to change/convert again without manmaid appliances
what are ways to exten=rnal induction (change gene expression)
- diffusion
- direct contact
- gapjunction
list the hierarchy of structure (levels of organisms) in animal stem cells and cellular differentation
cell(low level)- tissure- organ-o rgan system- organism (high level)
explain organ systems
-system of one or more organs and structures that work together to perform a major vital body function, such as digestion or reproduction
-Examples: musculoskeletal, respiratory, and nervous systems
explain organs
- A structure composed of different tissues working together to perform a complex body function
- Examples: heart pumps blood, stomach breaks down food, lungs transport O2 into the body and CO2 out of the body, etc
explain tissues function
- Groups of similar cell types that perform a particular, but limited, function
- There are four main tissue types in animals: epithelial, connective, muscle, nerve
explain the four different kinds of tissues
epithelial: skin/lining of digestive system, function is protection from dehydration and low-friction surfaces
connective: bones/tendons/blood, function is support and insulation
muscle: muscles that make bones move/surounding digestive tract/heart, function is movement
nerve: brain/nerves in sensory organs, function is sensory, communication within the body, and cordination of body functions
explain stem cells with relation to the heiarchy
- An undifferentiated cell
- They can divide to form other stem cells or, based on internal and external factors, can differentiate into specialized cells
