Biochem

Question 1

List the 4 kinds of macromolecules

Answer 1

Carbohydrates (CHO)
Lipids (CHO)
Protein (CHON)
Nucleus acids (CHONP)

Question 2

2 facts about carbohydrates

Answer 2

1) short term energy storage
2) component of every cell membrane

Question 3

First type of carbohydrate

Answer 3

monosaccharides

1. Glucose
   2.fructose
2. Galactose

Question 4

Second type of carbohydrates

Answer 4

1. Lactose (glucose and galactose)
2. Maltose (glucose x2)
3. Sucrose (glucose and fructose )

Question 5

Third type of carbohydrates

Answer 5

Polysaccharide

1. Starch (amylase) ( just glucose chain)
2. Glycogen
3. Cellulose
4. Chitin (fungi)

Question 6

What makes all carbohydrates simular to each other

Answer 6

They are all isomers to each other, all have the same number of CHO
C6H12O6

Question 7

What forms 2 monosaccharides together

Answer 7

A covalent bond call glycosidic linkage

Question 8

What’s different between polysaccharides and disaccharides

Answer 8

The linkage

Question 9

Starch is a short term energy storage For?
And glycogen for?

Answer 9

Starch- plants
Glycogen- animals

Question 10

Why can’t humans break down cellulose

Answer 10

We lack the enzymes to break down the linkage

Question 11

5 facts about lipids

Answer 11

1. They have less oxygen atoms which makes them hydrophobic
2. They have lots of energy but it is less accessible due to hydrocarbon chains
3. Long term energy storage
4. Insulation and organ protection
5. Lipids are made of glycerol of 3 fatty acids (triglyceride)

Question 12

2 main types of lipids

Answer 12

Saturated (no double bonds)
Animals
Unsaturated (double bonds)
Plants

Question 13

2 Other lipids

Answer 13

Steroid’s cholesterol (precursor to sex hormones. Testosterone and estrogen)

Waxes -plants and animals

Question 14

What is hydrogenation

Answer 14

The addition of hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids to produce saturated fats (trans fats)

Question 15

In which ways are protein diverse

Answer 15

-enzymes
-structural support
-transport
-muscle
-hormones
-immunity

Question 16

Proteins are made of ____ amino acids

Answer 16

20 amino acids
12 which our body makes the rest needed from foods

Question 17

How are amino acids joined

Answer 17

Covalent bonds called peptide bonds

Question 18

What is a polymer of an amino acid

Answer 18

Polypeptide

Question 20

First protein structure

Answer 20

Primary : linear sequence of amino acids

Question 21

Second protein structure

Answer 21

Secondary : coin like shape called an alpha helix or folded fan like shape called a beta pleaded sheet
(Held by hydrogen bonds)

Question 22

Third protein structure

Answer 22

Tertiary : protein begins folding on itself, amino acids bonds, bond (P-P) NP- NP r groups

Question 23

Forth protein structure

Answer 23

Quaternary : composed of more then one polymer chain of amino acids

Question 24

How do you denature a protein give an example

Answer 24

When using an iron on your hair the reason you’re able to change its shape from (straight to curly) and (curly to straight) is because your hair is made up of protein and proteins can be denatured, either through extreme temperature or changing the pH through harsh chemicals. Through denaturing the protein you are taking removing the hydrogen bonds.

Question 25

2 kinds of nucleic acids

Answer 25

DNA and RNA

Question 26

What is the monomer of nucleic acids

Answer 26

Nucleotides

Question 27

The four bases for DNA AND RNA

Answer 27

DNA is guanine, cytosine, thymine and adenine RNA is guanine cytosine uracil and adenine

Question 28

DNA CONTAINS SUGAR DEOXYRIBOSE what does rna contain

Answer 28

It contains sugar ribose

Question 29

Hydroxyl

Answer 29

-OH Found in all monosaccharides

Question 30

Carbonyl

Answer 30

O=C Found in : carbohydrates nucleic acids

Question 31

Carboxyle

Answer 31

-C =OH \ OH Found in proteins and lipids

Question 32

Amino

Answer 32

/. H -N \. H found in proteins and nucleic acids

Question 33

Sulfhydryl

Answer 33

S-H found in proteins

Question 34

Phosphate

Answer 34

P O4 Found in nucleic acids

Question 35

List the 4 biochemical reaction

Answer 35

Neutralization Oxidation-reduction Condensation Hydrolysis

Question 36

Neutralization

Answer 36

Acid reacting by with a base Blood ph is 7.3-7.4 If blood is over 8 and under 7 you could get sit and die The reason your blood must be at that is because carbonic acid will form through cellular respiration

Question 37

Oxidation and reduction

Answer 37

Oxi-lose Red-gain. ELECTRONSSSS combustion reactions are redox reaction and cellular respiration is also redox

Question 38

Condensation

Answer 38

Polymer assembly H monemer and OH monemer are removed and added to another to create a polymer AKA DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS

Question 39

hydrolysis

Answer 39

This is adding water to break bonds, creating a monemer from a polymer

Question 40

What is a biological catalyst

Answer 40

It drives the reaction but is not consumed

Question 41

What 4 factors drive a reaction

Answer 41

1) temp 2) surface area 3) concentration 4) biological catalyst

Question 42

Almost all reactions in your body use ________

Answer 42

Enzymes

Question 43

What is unique about protein structure

Answer 43

Globular with specific indentations

Question 44

Give an example of why enzyme substrate is so complex

Answer 44

They only break down their tose Lactase breaks down lactose Amylase will not break down lactose

Question 45

What pH is best for enzymes But what enzyme has an exception

Answer 45

6-8 But pepsin is active at the pH of 2

Question 46

What are allosteric sites

Answer 46

It’s the binding site for other molecules to regulate the activity of enzymes Pepsin needs to be pH2 because you are a protein meaning it could eat you if it was higher Slow down reactions to protect the body

Question 47

Nucleolus

Answer 47

-no membrane -contains DNA and ribosomal RNA which RNA is how to make subunits Manufacture the subunits that combine to form ribosomes

Question 48

Nucleus

Answer 48

Fill with nucleoplasm Double membrane The nuclear pore is a group of proteins that form openings (ion and water move freely through pores) Chromatin that is less condensed form of DNA DNA IS 6 FEET AND 46 MOLECULES