1
Q
pentose sugar
A
ribose
2
Q
ketose sugar
A
fructose
3
Q
aldose sugars
A
ribose and glucose
4
Q
alpha 1-4 bond?
A
Maltose
5
Q
Alpha 1-2 and Beta 1-2 bond?
A
sucrose
6
Q
Beta 1-4 bond
A
Lactose
7
Q
arachidonic acid # of carbons:double bonds
A
20:4
8
Q
Linolenic # of carbons:double bonds
A
18:3
9
Q
Linoleic # of carbons:double bonds
A
18:2
10
Q
Eicosaptaenoic Acid
A
20:5
11
Q
converts cholesterol into bile
A
liver
12
Q
emulsifies fat
A
bile
13
Q
fat+bile=
A
mixed micelle
14
Q
allosteric enzyme for cholesterol
A
HMG CoA Reductase
15
Q
highest % TG
A
chylomicron
16
Q
transports dietary lipids to body
A
Chylomicron
17
Q
lipids from liver to body
A
vLDL
18
Q
lowest % lippoproteins
A
VLDL
19
Q
highest % cholesterol
A
LDL
20
Q
removes excess cholesterol from blood
A
HDL
21
Q
Lecithin cholesterol transferace (LCAT)
A
important enzyme for HDL
22
Q
Beta Oxidation
- function
- location
- produces
- final piece?
- requires?
A
- cuts FA chain, two carbons, at a time to make Acetyl CoA
- Mitochondria
- 1 Acetyl CoA, reduces 1 FAD to FADH2, and 1 NAD to NADH
- final piece is 3 carbons long
- carnitine
23
Q
Ketogenesis
- forms
- increases in
A
- ketone products byproducts of beta-oxation
2. fasting, low carb diet, Diabetes mellitus, 3rd trimester pregnancy
24
Q
ketone bodies
A
acetoacetate,
acetone
hydroxybutryrate
25
what is the primary substrate for lipogenesis?
acetyle CoA
26
Lipogenesis
1. location
2. produces
3. intermediate
4. required
1. cytoplasm
2. Fatty acids, 2 carbons at a time
3. Malonyl CoA
4. Acetyl CoA, CO2 & NADH
27
what stimulates lipogenesis?
ATP & insulin
28
what inhibits lipogenesis
Epi and glucagon
29
transfers a phosphate
Kinase
30
Kreb's cycle location
Mitochondria
31
ETC Location
Inner Mitochondira
32
Ketogenic AA
Leucine
33
PVT. Tim Hall
essential AAs
Phenylalinine, Valine, Tryptophan,Threonine, Isoleucine, Methioninine, Histidine(Arginine),Leucine, Lysine
34
Semi essential AAs
Histidine, Arginine
35
Aromatic ring AAs
Phenylalanine, tryptophan, Tyrosine
36
AA that can help with depression
tyrosine
37
Basic AAs have a _____ charge at a neutral pH
positive
38
HAL
Basic AAs
Hall is a Basic kind of guy
Histidine, Arginine,Lysine
39
STAG
Neutral
Serine, Threonine, Asparagine, Glutamine
40
Methionine, Cysteine
Sulfer containing AA
41
Not Glucogenic
Leucine and Lysine
42
LIV
Branch chain AA
Leucine, Isoleucine, Valine
43
Acidic AAs
glutamate
| Aspartate
44
aliphatic "chain"
Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine,Isoleucine
less hydrophilic to more hydrophilic
45
Urea cycle takes place primary in the
Liver
46
lack in grains
lysine, threonine and tryptophan
47
____ is carried to the urea cycle by ______
ammonia, glutamate
48
what AA donate Nitrogen for purines and pyridines?
Glutamine, Aspartate & Asparagine
49
Muscle is able to oxidize what AAs?
GAL VIA
| Glutamate, Aspartate, Leucine, Valine, Isoleucine, Asparagine
50
AA by products from exercise
Ammonia
51
by product from glucose and excerise
lactate
52
ammonia+lactate=
alanine
53
glucose-alanine cycle
AKAs
ammonia becomes urea and lactate becomes glucose in the liver
cori cycle
lactic acid cycle
54
requires ATP and MG and rids body of toxic Ammonia
Urea cycle
55
enyzyme for Urea Cycle
carbamoyl phosphate synthetase
56
Farco, GA
intermediates for Urea cycle
Fumarate, ARginine, citrulline, ornithine, glutamate, aspartate
57
number and sequence of AAs that determines the structure
primary structure
58
alpha helix and beta pleated sheet... aka "beta bend"
secondary structure
59
protein is maximally folded for function
tertiary structure
60
more than 1 chain of protein is called a ____ struture
quaternary structure eg hemoglobin has 4 chains
61
lack of this vitamin causes Beri Beri
B1/Thiamine
62
Lack of this vitamin causes "Magenta tongue"
cheilosis, angular stomatitis, blurred vision
B2/Riboflavin
63
cause of pellagra
lack of vitamin B3/Niacin
64
4 Ds of Pellagra
diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death
65
lack of vitamin causes Burning feet (rare)
B5/Pantothenic acid
66
water soluble but can be toxic
B6/Pyridoxine
67
lack of this vitamin can lead to megaloblastic anemia as well an neural tube defects
folic acid B9
68
reticulo cytosis is associated with
B9 and B12:=
| "macrocytic anemia"
69
mylinates nerves
B12
70
hydrologic acid is a
muccopolysaccharide
71
biotin is used for carboxylation during
gluconeogenesis
72
polypeptide hormone
insulin
73
strict vegetarians lack ____ in their diet
cobalamin
74
DNA bases are held together via ______ bonds
esther
75
precursor for carbon used in glucose
glycine
76
product of demineralization of methionine
homocysteine
77
phenylalanine turned into ____ via the enzyme ______
tyrosine
| phenylalanine hydroxylase.
78
monoamine Neurotransmitters
dopamine
EPI
Norepi
melanin-skin pigment
79
decarboxylation of acetoacetate leads to
acetone (not acetate)
80
Niacin is made up of
NADH and NADPH
81
boards
suck
82
what is the cause of PKU or phenylketonuria?
Lack of enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (turn phenylalanine to tyrosine
83
lack of B12 results in lack of
glycine
84
contains copper
cytochrome A3
85
cystine is made of 2 molecules of
cysteine
86
Start codon is usually made up of
methionine
87
what aa begins translation?
methionine Start codon
88
phenylalanine can be converted into what other AA
Tyrosine
89
what is the precursor for L-dopa,EPI, NorEPI and melanin?
tyrosine
90
precursor for niacin and serotonin
tryptophan
91
NAD and NADP reduced
NADH and NADPH
92
precursor AA for histamine?
histidine
93
enzyme responsible for peptide bonds between adjacent AA
Peptidyl transerfase
94
folding of single polypeptide
tertiary structure
95
multiple polypeptides are resemble the ____ structure
quaternary
96
Holds O2 in muscle
myoglobin
97
of polypeptides in hemoglobin
4
98
Allows hemoglobin To dump O2 in muscle
Bohr effect
99
increase in CO2 and decrease in pH from lactic acid
makes it easier for Hemoglobin to release O2 into muscle
100
low km
high affinity for enzyme
101
High km
low affinity for enzyme
102
add or remove phosphate
transferases (kinase)
103
removes h
dehydrogenase
104
carboxylase
Liase add CO2
105
rate limiting enzyme in FA synthesis
acetyl CoA carboxylase
106
acetyle-CoA + CO2=
malonyl COA (RLS of FA snyth)
107
RLS of gluconeogenesis
pyruvate +CO2=oxaloacetate
108
RL enzyme of gluconeogenesis
pyruvate carboxylase
109
nitrogen from muscle is transported to liver via
alanine
110
apartate transaminase (AST) aka
Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase GOT
111
what enzyme is tested for CA
AST
112
converts AA to alpha ketoacid
aminotransferase
