Biodiversity Flashcards

Question

Prokaryotes and gas cycles

Answer 1

- Prokaryotes decompose plants and animals, which returns CO2 to the atmosphere. - Methanogens produce CH4, which can eventually be oxidized to CO2. Clearly, they are vital to the Carbon Cycle - Prokaryotes also fix atmospheric Nitrogen, where it is converted into NH3. Nitrogen fixation is essential for the biosynthesis of essential molecules in plants and other life forms. Their role in the Nitrogen cycle is enormous. The nitrogen fixing bacteria are found in root nodules

Answer 2

Gram - : Thin peptidoglycan layer (cell wall) that poorly stains red or pink, but when washed with an alcohol solution does not retain it. Gram + : Thick peptidoglycan layer (cell wall) that stains purple and retains the stain when washed with alcohol solution.

Answer 3

Gram - : No teichoic acids | Gram + : Usually have teichoic acids that provide rigidity to cell wall, and provide binding sites for cations

Answer 4

Gram - : No outer phospholipid bilayer | Gram + : Two phospholipid bilayers sandwich a smaller cell wall (peptidoglycan layer)

Answer 5

Gram - : High lipids and lipoprotein content | Gram + : Low amount of lipids and lipoprotein

Answer 6

Gram - : Much more resistant to antibiotics due to the outer phospholipid bilayer. Gram + : Less resistant, thus more susceptible to antibiotics

Answer 7

Gram - : Can be pathogenic | Gram + : Can be pathogenic

Answer 8

NOOOOOOO!!!!!!!!

Answer 9

Gram - : Have an outer capsule | Gram + : Have an outer capsule

Answer 10

- No cells or organelles - Contains either DNA or RNA, but never both - Consists of capsid (protein coat), Nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA (called a retrovirus)), and sometimes a membranous envelope - Many shapes are possible: polyhedral, circular, filamentous - smaller than a ribosome - Need a host to reproduce (obligate intracellular parasites) - Possess a limited host range

Answer 11

A virus that contains RNA instead of DNA

Answer 12

Lytic cycle - Bacteriophage inserts its DNA into a bacterial cell. - The DNA causes the host DNA to deteriorate and then the virus DNA is used to create proteins of progeny viruses. - The DNA replicates and the proteins are assembled with the DNA to form progeny. - The cell lyses and the virus progeny go on to infect another bacteria. Lysogenic cycle: - Bacteria inserts its DNA into a bacterial cell - The viral DNA incorporates into the host DNA. This DNA is referred to as a prophage - The bacteria replicates passing the prophage on to its progeny - At some point an event occurs, chemical, radiation, etc that triggers the lytic phase to occur. - The DNA causes the host DNA to deteriorate and then the virus DNA is used to create proteins of progeny viruses. - The DNA replicates and the proteins are assembled with the DNA to form progeny. - The cell lyses and the virus progeny go on to infect another bacteria.

Answer 13

The damage done to the host cell. The more damage the more virulent. The lytic cycle is more virulent than the lysogenic cycle.

Answer 14

The DNA that is incorporated into a bacterial cell during the lysogenic cycle

Answer 15

DNA - herpes - small pox - cow pox RNA - HIV - Coronavirus

Answer 16

The mRNA is passed into the cell and is transcribes its RNA into cDNA using reverse transcriptase. The cDNA is then incorporated into the genome and is transcribed normally and then translated into the viral proteins

Answer 17

- Circular RNA molecules devoid of a protein coat - Smallest infectious pathogen known! - Seen in plants mostly >99% - Only human disease caused by a viroid is hepatitis D

Answer 18

- Infectious protein that are involved with causing proteins to fold incorrectly - The misfolded protein passes on the same misfolding to other proteins - Ex: Mad Cow disease, Scrapie in sheep and goats, Kuru, and Creutzfelt-jacob Disease. - Can't be killed by cooking - No cure, so always fatal

Answer 19

killed by O2

Answer 20

need O2 to grow and live

Answer 21

prefers O2 if around, but can switch to fermentation if needed

Answer 22

Use light for photosynthesis. CO2 is used to make organic molecules like sugar. Cyanobacteria, plants, and algae

Answer 23

Seen in prokaryotes CO2 is the carbon source, but an inorganic substance is an energy source. H2S, NH3, or even Fe+2 are oxidized. No light needed.

Answer 24

Light is needed for ATP production, but gets their carbon from various organic sources like fatty acids or carbohydrates that other organisms produced

Answer 25

Energy is obtained from organic compounds. Bacteria, Fungi, most protists, and animals are here.

Answer 26

Bacteria and Fungi

Answer 27

Bacteria and Fungi decompose the matter into smaller units. A detritivore then consumes the smaller units for energy. worms, slugs, lice, etc

Biodiversity Flashcards

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