biodiversity- chapter 10

Question 1

what is classification

Answer 1

the organisation of living organisms into groups

Question 2

what is classification based on

Answer 2

a number of accepted principles

Question 3

what do members of a species have in common

Answer 3

they are capable of breeding to produce living, fertile offspring. meaning when a species reproduces sexually, any of the genes of the individuals can be combined with any other

Question 4

what is a species

Answer 4

the basic unit of classification

Question 5

what is the binomial system

Answer 5

where organisms are identified by two names

Question 6

what are the features of the binomial system

Answer 6

-universal system based on latin/greek names
-the first name (generic name) denotes the genus the organism belongs to
-the second name (specific name) denotes the species to the organism

Question 7

what are 3 rules of the binomial system

Answer 7

-the names are printed in italics
-first letter of generic name is in uppercase but specific is in lowercase
-if the specific name is not know it can be written as sp

Question 8

how does a courtship behaviour help increase chances of survival (5)

Answer 8

• recognise members of their own species= ensures that mating only takes place between members of the same species because only members of the same species can produce fertile offspring
• identify a mate that is capable of breeding= because both partners need to be sexual mature, fertile and receptive to mating
  -form a pair bond= that will lead to successful mating and raising of offspring
  -synchronise mating= so it takes place where there is the maximum probability of the sperm and egg meeting
  -become able to breed= by bringing a member of the opposite sex into a physiological state that allowed breeding to occour

Question 9

what is classification

Answer 9

grouping of organisms

Question 10

what is taxonomy

Answer 10

theory and practice of biological classification

Question 11

what are the two main forms of biological classification

Answer 11

artificial classification
phylogenetic classification

Question 12

explain artificial classification

Answer 12

• divides organisms according to differences that are useful at the time= features include colour, size, leaf shape etc
• these are described as analogous characteristics where they have the same function but do not have the same evolutionary origins

Question 13

explain phylogenetic classification

Answer 13

• is based upon the evolutionary relationships between organisms and their ancestors
• classifies species into groups using shared features derived from their ancestors
• arranges the groups into a hierarchy, in which the groups are contained within larger composite groups with no overlap

-relationships are partly based on homologous characteristics (have a similar evolutionary origins regardless of their functions in the adult of a species)

Question 14

what is each group within a phylogenetic biological classification called

Answer 14

a taxon

Question 15

what is the domain

what are the 3 domains

Answer 15

the highest taxonomic rank

bacteria, archaea (prokaryotes) and eukarya

Question 16

what is bacteria

what are the features

Answer 16

a group of single cells prokaryotes

• the absence of membrane bounded organelles such as nuclei or mitochondria
• unicellular, although cells may occur in chains/clusters
  -ribosomes are smaller (70S) than eukaryotic
• cell walls are present and made from murein
• single loop of naked DNA made up of nucleic acids but no histones

Question 17

what is archeae

how does archeae differ from bacteria

Answer 17

a group of singled called prokaryotes that were originally classed as bacteria which they resemble in appearance

• their genes and protein synthesis are more similar to eukaryotes
• their membranes contain fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages
• there is no murein in cell walls
• they have a more complex form of RNA polymerase

Question 18

what is eukarya

what are the features of eukarya

Answer 18

a group of organisms made up of one or more eukaryotic features

• their cells possess membrane-bounded organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts
• have membranes containing fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages
• not all possess cells with a cell walls are, but where they do it contains no murein
• ribosomes are larger (80S)

Question 19

what kingdoms is Eukarya divided into

what is the largest kingdom known as

Answer 19

protocista, fungi, plantae and animalia

phyla

Question 20

what is each class divided into

Answer 20

orders or organisms that have additional features in common

Question 21

what is each order divided into

Answer 21

families- differences are less obvious

Question 22

what is each family divided into

.. then into what

Answer 22

genera then into species

Question 23

what is phylogeny and what is it represented by

Answer 23

the evolutionary relationship between organisms , usually represented by a tree-like diagram called a phylogenetic tree

Question 24

what is biodiversity

Answer 24

the general term used to describe variety in the living world, refers to the number and variety of living organisms in a particular area, has 3 components (species, genetic and ecosystem diversity)

Question 25

what is species diversity

Answer 25

refers tot he number of different species and the number of individuals of each species within any one community

Question 26

what is genetic diversity

Answer 26

refers to the variety of genes possessed by the individuals that make up a population of species

Question 27

what is ecosystem diversity

Answer 27

refers to the range of different habitats, from a small habitat to the whole of the earth

Question 28

what is one measure of species diversity

Answer 28

species richness- the number of different species in a particular area at a given time

Question 29

what is the species index equation

Answer 29

d=N(N-1)/sumn(n-1) d= index of diversity N=total number of organisms of all species n= total number of of organisms of each species sum= the sum of