Bioethics

Question 1

What is meant by justice

Answer 1

This is where the tools and opportunities are fixed so that everyone has equal opportunity

Question 2

What is distributive justice

Answer 2

This is where the distribution of resources is equal e.g. we all have access to the resource

Question 3

What is procerdural justice

Answer 3

This is where policies and decisions are made in a just way

Question 4

What is meant by substantive justice

Answer 4

This is where there is justice in the final distrabution of the resources rather than how that is achieved e.g. those who are more in need are helped first

Question 5

What is the difference between clinical ethics and public health ethics

Answer 5

Clinical ethics focuses on the ethics of a specific health care interactions and prioritises the needs of a specific patient , whereas public health ethics prioritises the health of the collective

Question 6

What are the 2 main classes of AI technology

Answer 6

1. Traditional AI: This is things like machine learning that is used to perform tasks
2. Generative AI: This uses learned patterns to create novel info

Question 7

What are some ethical dilemmas around AI

Answer 7

1. Patient privacy vs data utilisation [Data is needed for training but we need to ensure that patient info remains private]
2. Bias in the algorithms [They are inherently bias toward the info that they were trained on]
3. Physician autonomy vs AI choices [When AI systems physicians must choose if they want to follow the recommendations]
4. Resource allocation [AI could be used to determine who gets what but that could cause ethical concerns]
5. Transparency vs explainability [AI often have very interesting reasons for choosing particular answers that might not be logical to follow]
6. Algorithms accountability [Who is responsible if the AI makes a mistake]

Question 8

Define an ethical dilemma

Answer 8

This is where the available choices do not allow for an ethical outcome

Question 9

Define a Conscientious Objection

Answer 9

This is where there is refusal to a particular task on moral or personal grounds e.g. Abortions

Question 10

Define the term whistleblower

Answer 10

This is a term used for someone who works for an employer raises concerns of malpractice and takes on risk for the benefit of the greater good

Question 11

What is moral distress

Answer 11

This is psychological distress that is brought on by needing to act in a way that you know is not right

Question 12

Define moral injury

Answer 12

This occurs when there has been a betrayal of what is morally right by someone who holds the legitimate authority in a high stake situation

Question 13

Define resilience

Answer 13

This refers to the ability to regain mental health despite experiencing adversity

Question 14

What are the 3 dimensions of resilience

Answer 14

1. Recovery
2. Coping
3. Transformation

Question 15

What is a moral agent

Answer 15

This is a person that is detached from the normal constraints and is thus able to make the most right decision

Question 16

What are the 3 stages of moral development in the ethics of care

Answer 16

1. Pre conventional stage: This is where an individual focuses on themselves and survival of self interests
2. Conventional stage: This is where there is a transition from self interests to. the interest of others
3. Post conventional stage: This is where there is a recognition of the balance of care for one’s self vs care for others

Question 17

What are the 3 main steps that can be taken to decrease moral distress in medicine

Answer 17

1. Teach doctors how to recognise moral dilemmas and how to respond to them ethically
2. Work towards a culture of reflection in medicine
3. Foster conversation about how to do the right thing