consequence-based approach
Which action produces the most good and least
harm?
Duty and/or rules-based approach
Which action is morally right regardless of the
consequences?
Virtues-based approach
Which action would a good person choose?
integrity
Having integrity means being honest, trustworthy and keeping your word
justice
Equal distribution of benefits, risks, costs and resources
beneficence
Aiming to improve the conditions of others through generosity, charity and kindness
non-maleficence
Avoiding actions which lead to harmful consequences
respect
Considering the wellbeing, freedom, independence, value and beliefs of all people
Social factors
Affect society’s values, lifestyles, equality, health, and education.
Built on justice and public health ethics.
economic factors
Concern money, funding, and resources in healthcare systems.
Governments can’t fund all treatments → need priorities.
legal factors
Define what is legal/illegal — not always what’s ethical.
Laws provide structure for ethical research.
political factors
Government systems and policies shape ethical standards.
Australia: free speech → shared moral and legal values.
Governments fund and manage healthcare → fairness = basic right.
