Psych/Soc > Biological Correlates > Flashcards

Biological Correlates Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

A

Body’s stress response

  • Alarm => Resistance => Exhaustion
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2
Q

Practice effects

A

Gains in score on retesting

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3
Q

fMRI

A

Measure brain activity by detecting associated changes in blood flow

  • Uses magnetic fields and radio waves
  • Does NOT measure glucose, only blood flow
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4
Q

Epigenetic mechanisms

A
  • DNA methylation

- Histone modification

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5
Q

Proximal stimulus

A

Stimulus registered by sensory receptors

  • Ex. pattern of light falling on retina
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6
Q

Distal stimulus

A

Provides info for proximal stimulus

  • Ex. Shoe on floor
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7
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Lowest intensity of stimulus that can be sensed reliably

  • Depends on emotions, importance
  • Intensity level detected 50% of time
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8
Q

Difference threshold/just noticeable difference

A

Smallest difference that is sufficient for a change in a stimulus to be noticed

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9
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Change required to meet difference threshold depends on value of original stimulus (Weber fraction)

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10
Q

Signal detection theory

A

How organism differentiates important signals from unimportant ones (noise)

  • Comparison b/w false alarm and hit rate
  • Hit rate > false alarms = high sensitivity
  • Mediated by bias, has decision-making component
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11
Q

Place theory

A

Hear different pitches b/c different sound waves trigger activity at different places along cochlea’s basilar membrane

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12
Q

Attention

A

Selects sensory info for perceptual processing

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13
Q

Selective attention

A

Focus on one stimulus at exclusion of other

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14
Q

Divided attention

A

Split perceptual resources b/w multiple stimuli

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15
Q

Shadowing

A

Repeating digits presented to a specific ear

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16
Q

Project image to a visual field and it will be represented in _____ hemisphere of brain

A

Opposite

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17
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Construction of perceptions from individual pieces of information

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18
Q

Top-down processing

A

Brings influence of prior knowledge to make perception more efficient

  • AKA context effects
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19
Q

Gestalt principles

A

Perception of surroundings as being made of distinct, stable objects

  • Organizes sensory info into distinct forms (objects)
  • Nearness, similarity, common region (background), continuity, closure
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20
Q

Interposition

A

Depth perception

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21
Q

Parallel processing

A

Use of multiple pathways to convey info about same stimulus

  • Process multiple pieces of info about stimulus at same time
  • Starts at level of bipolar and ganglion cells in eye => lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex
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22
Q

Feature detection

A

Sequential processing => provides basic info about feature of object

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23
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Daily balance b/w wakefulness and sleep

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24
Q

Drive for sleep is opposed by biological clock of _____

A

SCN in hypothalamus

  • Maintains homeostatic equilibrium
  • Maintains drive for wakefulness by inhibiting release of melatonin by pineal gland
  • Affected by light
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25
Stage 1 sleep
Light sleep - Alpha waves, more relaxed than beta waves
26
Stage 2 sleep
Bursts of brain wave activity that indicate full transition into sleep - Sleep spindles
27
Stage 3 sleep
Transition to deep sleep - Delta waves (much longer than alpha waves)
28
Stage 4 sleep
Deepest sleep - All delta waves
29
Rapid eye movement (REM)
Period of high brain activity during stage 1 - Does not occur during first sleep cycle - Brain relives stimuli from day and consolidates important info into memory - Dreaming occurs here
30
Non-REM sleep
Largest portion of sleep - Lower brain activity
31
Stimulants
Raise CNS activity - Increase monoamine neurotransmitters (epinephrine, dopamine)
32
Reward pathway
Drugs increase levels of dopamine and reward feeling - Nucleus accumbens, hypothalamus, amygdala
33
Neuroleptics
First antipsychotic drugs used to treat schizophrenia - Negative side effects = cognitive dulling
34
Atypical antipsychotics
Block dopamine receptors - Less likely to have negative side effects than neuroleptics
35
First phase of memory formation
Sensory memory - Temporary, unconscious
36
Second phase of memory formation
Short-term memory/working memory - Auditory representation - 7 ± 2 pieces of info
37
Techniques to maintain info in working memory
Chunking, rehearsal
38
Negative priming
Implicit memory effect where prior exposure to a stimulus unfavorably influences response to same stimulus
39
Priming
Change in response to stimulus due to subconscious memory effects
40
Flashbulb memory
Claim to remember detail of what you were doing when receiving news of emotionally arousing event
41
False memory
Given with high confidence
42
Neural plasticity
Ability of brain's networks of synapses and neurons to change - Most apparent during early development
43
Long-term potentiation
Increase in likelihood that presynaptic input will trigger potential in postsynaptic neuron
44
Semantic networks
Used by long-term memory to organize info in networks of meaningfully related memories - Leads to spreading activation
45
Decay
Fading of a memory - Weakening of connections making up neural network
46
Serial-position effect
Primacy + recency effects
47
Interference
Prevents successful memory retrieval due to similar information - Can be retroactive or proactive
48
Retroactive interference
Newly learned info that prevents successful retrieval of related older memories
49
Proactive interference
Previously held knowledge prevents successful retrieval of newly learned info
50
Source monitoring
Person attributes memory to particular source
51
Memory construction
Memories updated w/ new info = reactivates neural network
52
What two structures in body change in regards to aging and memory?
Hippocampus and prefrontal cortex
53
Semantic memory
General world knowledge we have accumulated throughout lives - Type of explicit/declarative memory (along w episodic)
54
Episodic memory
Declarative info people have of specific experiences
55
Crystallized intelligence
Ability to use old/learned knowledge/experience
56
Fluid intelligence
Ability to solve new problems/adapt
57
Cognitive changes
Late adulthood
58
Source amnesia
Inability to remember how previously learned info has been aquired
59
Alzheimer's disease
Hippocampus = first to be affected - Amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, cognitive dysfunction - Particular dysfunction in tasks of verbal fluency and negative priming
60
Korsakoff's syndrome
Deficit in ability to recall events for newer memories - Due to lack of vitamin B1 => damage to frontal cortex and thalamus
61
Parkinson's disease
Deterioration of substantia nigra - Dopamine deficiency - Impairment of motor abilities - Substantia nigra can't function to initiate movement
62
Requirements for inferring causality
Correlation Random assignment Temporality
63
Symptoms of schizophrenia
Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized speech
64
Prevalence of schizophrenia
1%
65
Physiological aspects of schizophrenia
- High levels of dopamine | - Smaller structures in brain
66
Physiological process associated with depression
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA)
67
Opponent-process theory
Four cones are associated w/ process of color and they're grouped into two pairs (red-green and blue-yellow) - Each group can be stimulated simultaneously - Only one cone from each group can be activated at a given time
68
Concentrations of light sensitive chemicals in rods and cones _____ in dark environment
Increase => increase sensitivity of rods and cones when moving to dark
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